Implementing the General Policies of the Higher Education Entrepreneurship Ecosystem of the Country based on the General Employment Policies of the Supreme Leader

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. in Public Administration, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Theology and Islamic Studies, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Center Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

5 Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.

Abstract

Abstract
The sustainable development of the country requires the establishment and formation of the innovation system, knowledge-based industry and entrepreneurial university, and this depends on the relationship based on coexistence and mutual cooperation between the industry and the scientific system and higher education. So, attention to entrepreneurship and innovation in Iran has been taken into consideration at the same time as the fourth development plan, and over time, it has been mentioned in other high-level documents including the general employment policies notified by the Supreme Leader. Therefore, this study aims to provide a model for the implementation of the general policies of the higher education entrepreneurship ecosystem of the country based on the general employment policies of the Supreme Leader.
Introduction
Public policies are defined as a set of laws and regulations established by competent authorities in the country and act as a model and guide for decision-making and actions in society. Public policy is a set of decisions taken by the government in the name of the public and is implemented in the form of regulations and orders, and has direct or indirect effects on the lives of all citizens (Malek Mohammadi, 2015). Factors such as citizens' participation, accountability mechanisms, management actions, staff experience at the national level (Chompucot, 2011), the scope of policy changes and the number of actors (Poorkiani, Salajegheh, & Zare Poor Nasirabadi, 2014), policy beneficiaries, receiving feedback and using information are related to the effective implementation of the policy. With the beginning of the 21st century, higher education has become increasingly important. Basically, the role of higher education is to create fundamental changes at the university and consequently in society. In today's world, where changes are accelerating every day, new challenges arise in society; Therefore, in order to face new conditions and challenges, it is very necessary to pay attention to the development of entrepreneurship capabilities and promote its spirit in graduates and even students. Modern universities have evolved through three generations: from teaching-focused institutions to research-centered ones, and now to the current generation that combines scientific methodology with entrepreneurial thinking to solve real-world problems in collaboration with their surrounding communities. In addition, the study of the labor market shows that the problem of employment and unemployment exists in all countries, especially in developing countries, with severity and weaknesses. Some of the clauses of the general employment policies announced by the Supreme Leader also directly imply more emphasis on entrepreneurship; including promoting and strengthening the culture of work, production, entrepreneurship, and the use of domestic products as an Islamic and national value by taking advantage of the educational and propaganda system of the country; Training of skilled and efficient human resources according to the needs of the market; promoting entrepreneurship with the responsibility of the country's educational system; combining education and skills and attracting the cooperation of economic enterprises to use their capacity.
Case study
The statistical population of this research included academic experts in the field of entrepreneurship and policy implementation with a doctorate, at least 2 years of management experience in the Ministry of Science/University, and at least 10 years of employment in the student, cultural and educational departments of the Ministry of Science/University. They were selected purposefully and based on the snowball technique. The sample size was estimated at 12 people and theoretical saturation was used.
Materials and Methods
In terms of purpose, this is an applied research with an exploratory nature. Based on library studies, basic data, and through semi-structured interviews and researcher-made questionnaires, supplementary data were collected. content analysis method, in the form of six steps (acquaintance with the data, creation of initial codes, content search, content review, content definition and naming, and preparation of report) was used to analyze the interviews. Also, Maxquda software was used. Then, by using the fuzzy Delphi technique, a group consensus was reached regarding the content analysis result. Using internal, external, and structural validity, the validity of the research and by referring to the Holsti coefficient the reliability of the research was confirmed. Finally, in order to identify and design the research model, the method of structural-interpretive modeling and MicMac software was used.
Discussion and Results
Based on the content analysis of the interviews, 314 codes were identified in the open coding stage. Then, based on concepts and semantic proximity, axial coding was done. Thus, 314 identified codes were categorized into 60 concepts and 13 categories. Then, using the fuzzy Delphi method, the identified concepts were validated. In the first round of Delphi, four concepts were and in the second round of Delphi, two concepts were eliminated because they scored less than 0.7. In the third round of Delphi, no indicators were removed, but, for more certainty, Delphi was continued for one more round. In addition, the distance between the final values of the third and fourth rounds was estimated to be less than 0.2, which proves the completion of the Delphi rounds. Finally, 13 structures were determined to provide the initial model of implementing the general policies of the ecosystem, which were entered into the structural self-interaction matrix.
Conclusion
The model of implementing the general policies of the ecosystem includes 13 structures, the role of the government, the role of legislators, cultural infrastructure, educational and research infrastructure, financial infrastructure, the interactions of institutions and networks, management and human resources, the environment (social, economic and political), the structure of executive organizations, the implementation of entrepreneurial ecosystem policies, the implementation of Islamic ecosystem policies, general employment policies and the realization of the third generation university were compiled. Thus, the third-generation university was placed at the first level. The implementation of entrepreneur ecosystem policies and the implementation of Islamic ecosystem policies were placed at the second level; educational and research infrastructure, management and human resources, and the structure of executive organizations were placed at the third level; the infrastructure of financial works and institutions and networks were placed at the fourth level, the role of the government and legislators were placed at the fifth level. finally, the increase of cultural infrastructure, environment (social, economic, and political), and general policies was placed at the sixth level.

Keywords

References

منابع فارسی
آذر، عادل؛ و غلامزاده، رسول. (1398). مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری: کمترین مربعات جزئی (PLS - SEM). تهران: نگاه دانش.
ابراهیمیان، مرضیه؛ رجبی فرجاد، حاجیه، و کردلوئی، حمیدرضا. (1401). طراحی مدل اجرای خط‌مشی دانشگاه کارآفرین مبتنی بر سیاست‌های علم و فناوری. خط‌مشی‌گذاری عمومی در مدیریت، 13(47)، 167-183.
احدزاده، احد؛ صیاد شیرکش، سعید؛ و جمشیدی ایوانکی، مینا. (1399). عوامل موثر بر اثربخشی اجرای خط‌مشی‌‌های عمومی: مطالعه موردی وزارت نیرو. فصلنامه پژوهش‌های سیاست‌گذاری وبرنامه‌ریزی انرژی، 6(4)، 205-167.
الوانی، سیدمحمد؛ و شالویری، میثاق. (1395). اجرای خط مشی عمومی (دیدگاه‌های نظری و راهکارهای عملی). تهران: مرکز آموزش مدیریت دولتی ریاست جمهوری.
پورکیانی، مسعود؛ سلاجقه، سنجر؛ و زارعپور نصیرآبادی، فضل اله. (1393). تبیین موانع اجرای خط مشی با استفاده از بحث متمرکز گروهی (مورد مطالعه: قانون مدیریت خدمات کشوری). مدیریت سازمان‌های دولتی، 3(1)،24-7.
خوبرو، محمدتقی؛ و ابراهیمی، روح الله. (1398). عوامل کلیدی موفقیت در خط مشی گذاری بخش خدمات عمومی ایران. مطالعات راهبردی سیاستگذاری عمومی، 9(32)، 23-2.
خوشنویسان، فاطمه؛ عباس پور، عباس؛ فاضلی، نعمت الله؛ و نیستانی, محمدرضا. (1397). الزامات و چالش‌های علوم انسانی کارآفرین: تحلیلی پدیدارشناسانه از وضعیت علوم انسانی در نظام دانشگاهی. جامعه‌پژوهی فرهنگی، 9(3)، 28-1.
دلیری، حسن. (1398). آینده‌پژوهی اشتغال و بیکاری با رویکرد سیاست‌های کلی اشتغال. سیاست‌های راهبردی و کلان، 7(27)، 371-346.
دولتی، حسن؛ و مطلبی، ابوطالب. (1396). تبیین راهبردها، الزامات و پیامدهای اقتصاد مقاومتی در نظام آموزش عالی. پژوهش در نظام‌های آموزشی، 11(39)، 153-135.
رئیسون، محمدرضا؛ عباس‌پور، عباس؛ رحیمیان، حمید؛ خورسندی طاسکو، علی؛ و برزویان شیروان، صمد. (1397). واکاوی مؤلّفه‌های ساختار سازمانی دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی در گذار به دانشگاه نسل سوم. مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بیرجند، 25، 15-1.
زینی‌وندمقدم، رضا؛ باقرزاده، محمدرضا؛ قلی‌پور کنعانی، یوسف؛ متانی، مهرداد؛ و عارف‌نژاد، محسن. (1400). طراحی مدل اجرای خط‌مشی‌های وزارت آموزش و پرورش با استفاده از روش مدلسازی ساختاری تفسیری. خط‌مشی‌گذاری عمومی در مدیریت، 12(42)، 84-67.
طارانی، سهند؛ طارانی، سپهر؛ و اوتارخانی، علی. (1400). اولویت بندی شاخص‌های دیده‌بان جهانی کارآفرینی براساس فرآیند تحلیل شبکه. توسعه کارآفرینی، 14(4)، 716-697.
قلی‌پور، رحمت‌الله‌؛ دانایی‌فرد، حسن‌؛ ‌زارعی‌متین، حسن؛ جندقی، غلامرضا؛ و فلاح، محمدرضا. (1390). ارائه مدلی ‌برای «اجرای خط‌مشی‌های صنعتی» مطالعه موردی در استان قم. مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، 9(24)، 130-103.
کیخا، احمد. (1400). بازآفرینی الگوی اکوسیستم کارآفرینی دانشگاه نسل سوم (موردکاوی: دانشگاه تهران). آموزش علوم دریایی، 8(1)، 144-125.
گیوریان، حسن؛ و ربیعی، محمدرضا. (1394). فرآیند خط مشی گذاری دولتی پیشرفته. تهران: مهربان.
منوریان، عباس. (1397). اجرا و ارزیابی خط‌مشی عمومی. تهران: مهربان.
 
References
Audretsch, D. B., & Belitski, M. (2021). Threering entrepreneurial university: in search of a new business model. Studies in Higher Education, 46 (5), 977-987
Ahadzadeh, A., Sayadshirkosh, S., & Jamshidi Ivanaki, M. (2021). Effectiveness of public policy implementation: A case study of the Ministry of Energy. Quarterly Journal of Energy Policy and Planning Research, 6(4), 167-205. (In Persian)
Alvani, S. M., & Shalviri, M. (2016). Implementation of Public Policy (Theoretical Views and Practical Solutions). Tehran: Presidential Public Administration Training Center. (In Persian)
Andrews, M. (2022). This is How to Think About and Achieve Public Policy Success. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4150875
Ansell, C., Sørensen, E., & Torfing, J. (2017). Improving policy implementation through collaborative policymaking. Policy & Politics, 45(3), 467-486.
Azar, A., & Gholamzade, R. (2019). Structural Equation Modeling: Partial Least Squares (PLS - SEM). Tehran: Negahe Danesh. (In Persian)
Barrett, S., & Fudge, C. (1981). Examining the Policy-Action Relationship: Policy and Action: Essays on the Implementation of Public Policy. London: Methuen.
Brenton, S., Baekkeskov, E., & Hannah, A. (2023). Policy capacity: Evolving theory and missing links. Policy Studies, 44(3), 297-315.
Brikland, T. A. (2016). An Introduction the policy process . Theories casa study from Mongolia. Journal of Administration Plenary Research, 2(3), 309-320.
Chang, A. (2022). A formal model of street-level bureaucracy. Rationality and Society, 34(1), 6-27.
Chompucot, M. C. (2011). Major factors affecting educational policy implementation effectiveness for the three southernmost provinces of Thailand as perceived by school directors. (PhD), Thailand.
Daliri, H. (2019). Evaluating the future of employment and unemployment, with an approach to general policies of employment. Quarterly Journal of The Macro and Strategic Policies, 7(27), 346-371. (In Persian)
Dolati, H., & Motallebi, A. (2018). Explain the strategies and requirements of the resistance economy associated with the higher education system. Journal of Research in Educational Science, 11(39), 135-153. (In Persian)
Ebrahimian, M., Rajabi Farjad, H., & Kordloui, H. R. (2022). Designing the implementation model of the entrepreneurial university policy based on science and technology policies. Public Policy in Management, 13(47), 167-183. (In Persian)
Fichter, K., & Tiemann, I. (2018). Factors influencing university support for sustainable entrepreneurship: Insights from explorative case studies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 512-524.
Figueroa Huencho, V., Lagos Fernández, C., Manriquez Hizaut, M., & Rebolledo Sanhueza, J. (2020). Implementation challenges in public policies towards indigenous peoples: The impact of health policies in urban contexts. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 41(4), 405-423.
Fischer, B., Guerrero, M., Guimón, J., & Schaeffer, P. R. (2021). Knowledge transfer for frugal innovation: where do entrepreneurial universities stand? Journal of Knowledge Management, 25(2), 360-379.
Gholipour, R., Danaii Fard, H., Zareii Matin, H., Jandaghi, G., & Fallah, M. (2011). A model for implementing industrial policies (Case study in Qom province). Organizational Culture Management, 9(24), 103-130. (In Persian)
Ghorbani, A. A., Sohrabi, Z., Yazdani, S., & Khalili Azandehi, S. (2021). Towards the third generation universities: The core innovative function approach. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 35, 32.
Givarian, H., & Rabiei, M. (2015). Advanced Government Policymaking Process. Tehran: Mehraban. (In Persian)
Guerrero, M., Urbano, D., & Gajón, E. (2020). Entrepreneurial university ecosystems and graduates' career patterns: do entrepreneurship education programmes and university business incubators matter?. Journal of Management Development, 39(5), 753-775.
Howlett, M. (2019). Designing Public Policies: Principles and Instruments: Routledge.
Huttunen, S., Kivimaa, P., & Virkamäki, V. (2014). The need for policy coherence to trigger a transition to biogas production. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 12, 14-30.
Keykha, A. (2021). Recreating the entrepreneurship ecosystem model of third generation university (Case study: University of Tehran). Journal of Research on Management of Teaching in Marine Sciences, 8(1), 124-143. (In Persian)
Khoobroo, M. T., & Ebrahimi, R. (2019). Critical success factors in planning public policies. Strategic Studies of public policy, 9(32), 2-23. (In Persian).
Khoshnevisan, F., Abbaspour, A., Fazeli, N., & Neyestani, M. R. (2018). The requirements and challenges of humanities entrepreneur:phenomenological analysis of the situation of humanities in Iranian academic system. Sociological Cultural Studies, 9(3), 1-28. (In Persian)
Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2020). Public Policy: Politics, Analysis, and Alternatives: Cq Press.
Kurhayadi, K. (2023). Public policy implementation: A theoretical review. Ministrate: Jurnal Birokrasi dan Pemerintahan Daerah, 5(1), 10-18.
Lai, Y., & Vonortas, N. S. (2019). Regional entrepreneurial ecosystems in China. Industrial and Corporate Change, 28(4), 875-897.
Lindberg, M. B., Markard, J., & Andersen, A. D. (2019). Policies, actors and sustainability transition pathways: A study of the EU’s energy policy mix. Research Policy, 48(10), 103668.
Manna, P., & Moffitt, S. L. (2021). Traceable tasks and complex policies: When politics matter for policy implementation. Policy Studies Journal, 49(1), 190-218.
Marquardt, J. (2017). How power affects policy implementation: Lessons from the Philippines. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 36(1), 3-27.
Matt, M., & Schaeffer, V. (2018). Building entrepreneurial ecosystems conducive to student entrepreneurship: New challenges for universities. Journal of Innovation Economics Management(1), 9-32.
Monavvarian, A. (2018). Implementation and Evaluation of Public Policy. Tehran: Mehraban. (In Persian)
Nyhagen, G. M., Bleiklie, I., & Hope, K. (2017). Policy instruments in European universities: Implementation of higher education policies. In I. Bleiklie, J. Enders, & B. Lepori (Eds.), Managing Universities: Policy and Organizational Change from a Western European Comparative Perspective (pp. 275-300). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
O’Reilly NM, Robbins P, Scanlan J. Dynamic capabilities and the entrepreneurial university: a perspective on the knowledge transfer capabilities of universities. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship. 2018; 31(3): 243-263.
Orgill, M., Marchal, B., Harris, B., & Gilson, L. (2024). Initiating systemic capacity development for leadership from the bottom-up: a realist evaluation of a leadership innovation in a South African health district. Health Policy and Planning.
Peyghambarzadeh, S. M. M., & Alvani, S. M. (2019). Identifying dimensions of implementing policies of air pollution control in Iran. Public Policy In Administration, 10(1), 19-35. (In Persian)
Phulkerd, S., Sacks, G., Vandevijvere, S., Worsley, A., & Lawrence, M. (2017). Barriers and potential facilitators to the implementation of government policies on front-of-pack food labeling and restriction of unhealthy food advertising in Thailand. Food Policy, 71, 101-110.
Poorkiani, M., Salajegheh, S., & Zare Poor Nasirabadi, F. (2014). Explanation of obstacles to the implementation of the policy by using focus group discussions (Case study: Law on civil service management). Quarterly Journal of Public Organizations Management, 3(1), 7-24. (In Persian)
Raeisoon, M., Abbaspour, A., Rahimian, H., Khorsandi Taskoh, A., & Borzoian Shirvan, S. (2018). An exploration of the organizational structure components of universities of medical sciences in transition to third generation university. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences, 25, 1-15. (In Persian)
Sager, F., & Hinterleitner, M. (2022). The politics of policy implementation: a reassessment in more conflictual times. In Handbook on the Politics of Public Administration (pp. 102-113): Edward Elgar Publishing.
Savage, M. M., & Blokland, T. (2016). Networked Urbanism: Social Capital in the City: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
Sedláček, J. (2017). The impact of governance on the research performance of European universities in cross-country comparisons. Review of Economic Perspectives, 17(4), 337-362.
Siciliano, M. D., Moolenaar, N. M., Daly, A. J., & Liou, Y. H. (2017). A cognitive perspective on policy implementation: Reform beliefs, sensemaking, and social networks. Public Administration Review, 77(6), 889-901.
Skarica, M. (2020). Implementation of the strategy for public administration development in Croatia (2015-2020): A mid-term evaluation. Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, 302-313.
Tarani, S., Tarani, S., & Otarkhani, A. (2022). Prioritization of global entrepreneurship monitoring indicators based on analysis network process and analysis of iran entrepreneurial trend in the period of paradigm shifts. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 14(4), 697-716. (In Persian)
Tzeng, G. H., & Teng, J. Y. (1993). Transportation investment project selection with fuzzy multiobjectives. Transportation Planning and Technology, 17(2), 91-112.
Van Meter, D. S., & Van Horn, C. E. (1975). The Policy Implementation Process: A Conceptual Framework. Administration & Society, 6(4), 445-488.
Volchik, V., Oganesyan, A., & Olejarz, T. (2018). Higher education as a factor of socio-economic performance and development. Journal of International Studies, 11(4), 326-340.
Wu, C.-H., & Fang, W.-C. (2011). Combining the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and the fuzzy Delphi method for developing critical competences of electronic commerce professional managers. Quality & Quantity, 45(4), 751-768.
Zeinivandmoghadam, R., Bagherzadeh, M., Gholami Kanani, Y., Matani, M., & Aref nejad, M. (2021). Designing a model for implementing the policies of the Ministry of Education using Interpretive Structural Modeling. Public Policy In Administration, 12(42), 67-84. (In Persian)
Таяуова, Г., & Бекташ, Ч. (2018). An overview of entrepreneurial universities and main barriers to entrepreneurial university development in Kazakhstan. The Journal of Economic Research & Business Administration, 124(2), 245-253.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics