Analyzing the Viability of the Structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D in Management. University of Tehran, Collage of Farabi, Qom, Iran.

2 Professor of Industrial Management, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Extended Abstract
Abstract
It will be a dynamic and sustainable government that, with structural changes, adapts itself to constantly changing conditions and, while maintaining its identity and survival, can move towards its goals. The text of the constitution responds to the cross-cutting needs of political societies. Since the needs and requirements change with the dynamics and developments of society, the constitution must move to adapt to the new conditions by accepting amendments. Therefore, before taking any action in this regard, the status of the current structure should be examined.
Our aim in this article is to study the significance of the governmental structure hidden in the constitution of the country from a systemic and sustainable perspective and using a scientific and practical method. The relationship between them was identified and then the constitutional structure of government was examined.
After examining and diagnosing complications on the exploratory structure, this structure was largely diagnosed as viable, as well as frequent errors in viable systems on it.
Introduction
Structures [including the structure of the constitution and governments] are derived from human thought and their efficiency in the extent to which they succeed in meeting needs, which, of course, is based on success in practical matters. Structures are influenced by values as well as culture and environmental conditions, so it seems that a successful structure is a structure appropriate to values, worldviews, ends, culture and environmental and indigenous conditions. Therefore, the basis is that the structure as a human credit must be forged in order to achieve the desired nature and end that it wants to achieve.
Our aim in this article is to first show the governmental structure in the constitution of the country and then to examine this structure from a systemic perspective and using a scientific, practical and systematic method, i.e. the model of the viable system. Then we seek to answer the question whether the current structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran is viable?
Case study
The case study in this article is the government structure existing in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and then examining this structure from a systemic perspective using a scientific, practical and systemic method, namely the viable systems model.
Materials and Methods
Since the viable systems model provides a tool to design the current structure of the systems or a new structure, the viable systems model was used in this research with the aim of identifying the government structure and also finding the complications of this structure. In this process, by using the three-step method proposed by Jackson (2003) and studying and reviewing the text of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, institutions related to the government are identified, and then the tasks and relationships between them are listed with model tables and checklists. In the next step, the government structure was extracted from the constitution and we drew the model of the government system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the last step, using the checklist of frequent errors in viable systems models, the drawing structure was examined and diagnosed.
Discussion and Results
The components identified for system number 1 are: the executive branch, the judicial branch, and the leadership, which are considered for them in order from the highest to the lowest amount of work at this level (operational system). At the level of internal management of the system, system number 3 consists of four leadership institutions, the parliament, the presidency, and the head of the judiciary, and each of these institutions, except for the presidency, has appropriate control and monitoring tools (system *3); Of course, in the case of system number 2 (coordination system), in contrast to system number 3, there are no corresponding institutions in the law, although institutions for coordination between the components of system 1 and at a lower return level are embedded, from which the Minister of Justice can be directed to coordinate between the authorities. The Executive and Judiciary or the Broadcasting Supervisory Council pointed out that coordination at the level of System 3 is only under the responsibility of the Supreme Leader and to some extent the Guardian Council and Expediency Recognition Council (in the conflict resolution aspect) and other institutions of System 3 are without they are coordination tools.
Regarding system number 4, which has functions such as adaptation, intelligence, and strategy, and it is referred to as the future and outside, the structure of the constitution in the discussion of the existence of an institution for this matter has several institutions; In addition, in terms of content and performance, it needs operational review. The duties of this system have been entrusted to the leadership, the Expediency Council and the Islamic Council. Also, regarding system number 5, it has been seen in the constitution of the two leadership institutions and the assembly of leadership experts that supervises the relationship between systems 3 and 4 and has ultimate authority.
Conclusion
Based on the investigations carried out in this research, the government structure in the country's constitution is somewhat consistent with the structure of viable systems and all the 5 components are present in it; Although in some sub-systems, especially system number 2, appropriate tools and institutions have not been seen; Also, some subsystems do not have proper and defined authority according to the level they are in. On the other hand, some constitutional institutions have different functions at several levels that may cause functional disorder, which also requires practical investigation in other researches. On the other hand, the components of system 1 have proper independence based on the text of the constitution, which is a very important issue for the integrity of the entire system, although their current functions and current independence were not within the scope of this research and are proposed as a suggestion for future research.
A system for viability requires all five functions introduced in the model. In addition to these five subsystems that have been reviewed so far, the interaction pattern of each system must be exactly as described in the model, which is a very important issue in the review of each system and here is the government structure of the country's constitution. Examining the information flows and communication channels within the system - between different levels of the system and its institutions - and extra-system - between the system and the environment - the governmental structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran cannot be extracted by examining the structure of the country's constitution, and requires the examination of other current laws and regulations of the country and Also, the current status of its main institutions is in practice.

Keywords

References

منابع فارسی
اخترشهر، علی (1387). توزیع قدرت در ساختار قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، مطالعات انقلاب اسلامی، دوره چهارم، شماره 12:181-161.
اسدیان، احمد (1390). تاملی در تعاملات قوای مجریه و مقننه. فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی، دوره چهاردهم، شماره 106.
اصلانی، فیروز و نورایی، مهدی (1396). واکاوی مفهومی واژگان چندمعنا در قانون اساسی دولت به معنای «حکومت یا طبقۀ حاکم». مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران، دوره چهل و هفتم، شماره 4: 955-937.
باباپور گل افشانی، محمدمهدی (1391). مبانی کلامی قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، مطالعات انقلاب اسلامی، سال نهم، شماره 31: 178-167.
پورعزت، علی‌اصغر (1389). مبانی دانش اداره دولت و حکومت، تهران: سمت، دوم.
جهانی نسب، احمد و پولادی، کمال. (2019). نقش نهاد رهبری در فرایند گذار به دموکراسی در ساختار قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران (با تأکید بر فصل پنجم). فصلنامه دانش حقوق عمومی، 8(24), 87-108.
حافظ‌نیا، محمدرضا (1391). تبیین فلسفی ساختارسازی حکومت‌ها مبتنی بر جغرافیای سیاسی (با تاکید بر ایران). همایش ملی جغرافیای سیاسی کاربردی. بازنگری در 09/11/1397.
رضایی، زینب؛ آذر، عادل؛ مقبل با عرض، عباس و دهقان نیری، محمود (1396). سازمان مانا: کاربرد مدل سیستم‌های مانا (VSM) در طراحی ساختار سازمانی. فصلنامه علوم مدیریت ایران, سال دوازدهم، شماره 47: 20-1.‎
روزنهد، جاناتان و مینجرز، جان (1392). مدلسازی نرم در مدیریت، ترجمه عادل آذر و علی انوری، تهران، نشر نگاه دانش.
طبیبیان، منوچهر (1377). تعیین شاخص‌های پایداری و نماد آن در محیط زیست، محیط شناسی‌، دوره بیست و پنجم، شماره 24: 12-1.
علی‌حسینی، علی و ابراهیمی، علی (1392). چرایی نوسان بین الگوهای نیمه‌ریاستی، نیمه‌پارلمانی و پارلمانی در جمهوری اسلامی ایران. پژوهش‌های سیاست اسلامی، سال یکم، شماره 3: 37-65.
عمید زنجانی، عباسعلی(1377)، فقه سیاسی، تهران: امیر کبیر.
فاضلی، حبیب اله (1391). تفکیک قوا و سیاست خارجی در قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، ضرورت تفسیری مبتنی بر کارآمدی، ره‌نامه سیاستگذاری، سال سوم، شماره 2: 30-9.
کاتوزیان، ناصر (1384)، مقدمه علم حقوق و مطالعه در نظام حقوقی ایران، تهران: شرکت سهامی انتشار.
کدخدایی، عباسعلی (1397، شهریور 17). قانون اساسی به اندازه‌ای غنی است که نیاز به بازنگری مجدد نداشته باشد. خبرگزاری میزان، بازیابی شده از https://www.mizanonline.com/fa/news/450509.
کدخدایی، عباسعلی و طحان نظیف، هادی (1395). ساختار و ماهیت حکومت از منظر غایت و وسیله در پرتو نظریۀ اعتباریات. فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران، دوره چهل و ششم، شماره 1: 39-19.
مدنی، سیدجلال‌الدین (1382). مروری بر شکل­گیری قانون اساسی در جمهوری اسلامی. اندیشه و تاریخ سیاسی ایران معاصر، سال دوم، شماره 16: 42-38.
مسلمانی نوش آبادی, آذر, عادل, معزز, هاشم, و ارسطا, محمدجواد. (1398). واکاوی ساختار جاری نظام جمهوری اسلامی ایران از منظر مانایی. پژوهش­های مدیریت در ایران، 23(3), 129-159.‎
میررمضانی، سیدعلی؛ تیرگر، زهرا و فروغی‌نیا، حسین (1395). ساختار قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران در مقایسه با نظام مشروطه در خصوص نوع حاکمیت و ریاست بر حکومت، اندیشمندان حقوقی، سال چهارم، شماره 9: 134-113.
میرمحمدی، سیدمحمد (1377). طراحی ساختار مطلوب نظارت در نظام اداری جمهوری اسلامی ایران. پایان نامه دکترا. دانشکده مدیریت. دانشگاه تهران.
وینسنت، آندرو، (1376). نظریه­های دولت، ترجمه حسین بشیریه، تهران، نشر نی.
 
References
Akhtarshahr A. (2008) "Distribution of power in the constitutional structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran". Islamic Revolution Studies. 4 (12):161-181. (In Persian)
Alihosseini, A., Ebrahimi, A. (2013). The “Why” of the Fluctuation between Semi-Presidential, Semi-Parliamentary, and Parliamentary Patterns in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Islamic Politics Research, 1(3), 37-65. (In Persian)
Amid Zanjani, A. (1998), Political Jurisprudence, Tehran: Amir Kabir.(In Persian)
Asadian A. (2011). "Investigating interactions between executive and legislative powers". Journal of Law Research, 14(106), 81-106.(In Persian)
Aslani, F., & Nouraei, M. (2017). Studying the Conceptual Definition of the Constitution’s Terminology Government in the definition of. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 47(4), 937-955. (In Persian)
Babapour Golafshan M. (2012) "Theological principles of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran" Journal of Studies of the Islamic Revolution, 31(4), 167-180. (In Persian)
Beer, S. (1979), "The heart of Enterprise", New York, John Wiley & Sons.
Beer, S. (1981). Brain of the Firm (2nd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Beer, S. (1984). The viable system model: "Its provenance, development, methodology and pathology". Journal of the operational research society, 35(1), 7-25.‏
Beer, S. (1985). "Diagnosing the system for organizations". John Wiley & Sons Inc.‏
Benton, J. E. (2002). "County service delivery: Does government structure matter? ". Public Administration Review, 62(4), 471-479.‏
Bossel, H. (1999). "Indicators for sustainable development: theory, method, applications".
Boyne, G. A. (1992). Local government structure and performance: lessons from America?. Public Administration, 70(3), 333-357.
Espejo, R. (2014). "Cybernetics of Governance: The Cybersyn Project 1971–1973. In Social Systems and Design". Springer, Tokyo.‏
Espejo, R., & Reyes, A. (2011). "Organizational systems: Managing complexity with the viable system model". Springer Science & Business Media.‏
Espinosa, A., Harnden, R., & Walker, J. (2008). "A complexity approach to sustainability–Stafford Beer revisited". European Journal of Operational Research, 187(2), 636-651.‏
Fazeli, H. (2012). Separation of Powers and Foreign Policy in the IRI Constitution: The Necessity of an Interpretation based on Efficiency. Doctrine of Policy Making, 3(2), 9-30. (In Persian)
Fellman, D. (1958). Constitutional Law in 1956–1957. American Political Science Review, 52(1), 140-191.‏
Finer, S. E., & Finer, S. E. (1997). "The History of Government from the Earliest Times: Ancient monarchies and empires" (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press, USA.
Flood, R. L., & Jackson, M. C. (1991). "Total systems intervention: a practical face to critical systems thinking". Systems Practice, 4(3), 197-213.‏
Gore, A. (1993). "From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government That Works Better & Costs Less". Report of the National Performance Review.‏
Govern. 2019. in Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved January 31, 2019, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/govern.
Hafeznia M.R. (2013). "Philosophical Explanation of the Structuralization of Governments Based on Political Geography". National Conference on Applied Geopolitics (In Persian)
Jackson, M. C. (2001). "Critical systems thinking and practice". European Journal of Operational Research, 128(2), 233-244.
Jackson, M. C. (2003). "Systems thinking: Creative holism for managers". Chichester: Wiley.‏
Jahani Nasab, A., & Pouladi, K. (2019). The role of the leadership in the process of transition to democracy in the constitutional structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran (with emphasis on the fifth chapter). Journal of Law Knowledge, 8 (24), 87-108. (In Persian)
Johnson, A. G., & Bealey, F. (1999). The Blackwell Dictionary of Political Science. A User's Guide to its Terms.
Kadkhodaei, A., Tahan Nazif, H. (2016). The structure and substance of government from the perspective of aim and means in the light of the theory of conventions (E'tebaariaat theory). Public Law Studies Quarterly, 46(1), 19-39. doi: 10.22059/jplsq.2016.57464 (In Persian)
Kadkhodaei, A. (2018). The constitution is rich enough that it does not need to be revised. Mizan News Agency, retrieved from https://www.mizanonline.com/fa/news/450509. (In Persia)
Katozian, N. (2005), Introduction to Law and Study in the Iranian Legal System, Tehran: Enteshar Co. (In Persian)
Leonard, A. (2007), Symbiosis and the viable system model, Kybernetes, 36 (5/6): 571-582
Leonard, A. (2009), the Viable System Model and Its Application to Complex Organizations, System Practice & Action Research, 22: 223-233.
Lewis, E., & Millar, G. "The Viable Governance Model–A Theoretical Model for the Governance of IT".‏
Madani S.J. (2003). "A Review of the Formation of the Constitution in the Islamic Republic". Contemporary political thought and history.2 (16): 38-42. (In Persian)
McCormick, J., Hague, R., & Harrop, M. (2019). Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction. Macmillan International Higher Education.‏
Mirmohammadi M. (1998). "Designing the optimal structure of supervision in the administrative system of the Islamic Republic of Iran". Doctoral dissertation, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.  (In Persian)
Mirramazani, S,. Tirgar, Z., and Foroughinia, H. (2015). "The Structure of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Comparison with the Constitutional System regarding the Type of Sovereignty and Presidency over the Government", Legal Thinkers, 4 (2): 134-113. (In Persian)
Mosalmani, Gh., Azar, A., Moazzez, H., & Arasta, M.J (2019). "Analysis of the current structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the viability perspectiv. (In Persian).
Osborne, D. (1993). "Reinventing government". Public productivity & management Review, 349-356.‏
Perez Rios, J. (2012), "Design and diagnosis for sustainable organizations", Springer.
Pourezzat A.A., (2011). "Fundamentals of Public Administration and Government Knowledge" .Samt, Tehran. (In Persian)
Rezaii, Z., Azar, A., Moghbel Baerz, A., Dehghan Nayyeri, M. (2017). Viable organization: an application of viable systems model (VSM) in organizational structure design. Iranian journal of management sciences, 12(47), 1-20 (In Persian)
Ríos, J. P. (2012). "Diagnosis and Design of Organisations. In Design and Diagnosis for Sustainable Organizations" (pp. 65-139). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.‏
Rosenhead, J. and Mingers, J., eds. (2001) Rational analysis for a problematic world revisited. John Wiley & Sons.
Schwaninger, M. (2006). "Theories of viability: a comparison". Systems Research and Behavioral Science: The Official Journal of  the International Federation for Systems Research, 23(3), 337-347.‏
Tabibian, M. (2000). "Determining the indicators of sustainability and its symbol in the environment" .Environmental Science, 25 (24), 1-12. (In Persian)
Vincent, A. "Theories of the State". Bashirieh H., Ney, Tehran, 1998.
Vincent, A. "Theories of the State". Bashirieh H., Ney, Tehran, 1998. (In Persian)
White, L., & Lee, G. J. (2009). "Operational research and sustainable development: Tackling the social dimension". European Journal of Operational Research, 193(3), 683-692.‏.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics