Designing a Model of Competencies for Senior Managers of Afghan Governmental Organizations (Case Study: Government agencies in Herat province)

Extended Abstract
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to elaborate on the general competencies of senior managers of Afghan government agencies. Given the descriptive nature of the research, this research is based on the data-driven strategy and the theoretical model of Strauss and Corbin as the research approach. In this approach, sub-categories in a series of relationships are linked to one that expresses causal conditions, phenomena, confounding conditions, contextual conditions, interactions, and consequences. The research data collection was structured and semi-structured interviews with 20 senior managers of government agencies in Herat province, Afghanistan, selected through snowball sampling. The results show that communication skills, conflict resolution skills, stress management ability, crisis management ability, time management, problem solving, empowerment, negotiation skills, nonverbal skills, and quantum skills as central phenomena. Experience, expertise, intelligence, intelligence, and personality and personality traits have been identified as causal conditions for senior management to have meritocracy, sustainable development, productivity, and social justice. However, in this model, contextual factors (such as managerial skills, cognitive skills, technical skills, and political skills) and interfering conditions (cultural, social, political, cognitive, and economic barriers) influence relationships
Introduction
The present value and future success of any organization depends directly on the capabilities and skills of its employees. Today, employees are a key source of competitive advantage and have the ability to utilize other resources including raw materials, capital, and technology.
Organizations with talented and capable people can make quick decisions in global markets and move with the speed of networks. According to the resource-based perspective, the competitive advantage in an organization is based on the use of an organization's valuable resources that must have features such as non-replicability, non-substitution, and non-uniformity. Management experts have come to realize that employees are the main source of quality improvement and productivity. Today, the role and importance of human resources in the growth and development of organizations, both at the micro level and in human societies, has become increasingly apparent at the macro level. Thus, in the modern age, human beings are seen as endless and valuable capital, and it is now well-known that the decline of human capital has led to a decline in productivity and production. If organizations want to survive in today's turbulent environment, they must have a holistic and strategic approach to environmental change and take account of the various requirements. Because competent resources that possess the knowledge, abilities and skills needed are the most fundamental competitive resources of organizations.
And if these organizations are government agencies, they will certainly have long-term effects in the area of influence and deal directly with the fate of the nation. The consequences of a decision taken at the macro level by senior managers of government agencies can determine a nation's status in the domestic and international arena and promote or elevate a society or vice versa. Therefore, the wisdom and competence of senior executives in government agencies responsible for policymaking, regulation, and implementation are among the most important factors in determining a country's destiny. A study in the US has shown that only a few of the people applying for public administration jobs have the minimum qualifications to hold important government positions.
Materials and Methods
This study is descriptive. Given the nature of research, the strategy used is Grounded Theory. The wisdom of using this strategy goes back to using it. Fundamentals of Grounded Theory is a systematic, qualitative way of generating a theory that, at a broad level, explains the process of subject-matter interaction or interaction with a particular identity. Due to the existence of multiple patterns in the Grounded Theory, the best way to construct the model is the Strauss and Corvin field theory used in this research. In this contextual method, sub-categories in a series of relationships are linked to a category that is the expression of causal conditions, phenomena, confounding conditions, contextual conditions, interactions, and consequences. According to the paradigm model and the Grounded Theory, the first step will be to conduct interviews with experts and to better understand the concept of competence with regard to the environment and conditions prevailing in Afghan society and government agencies. In the next step, depending on the specific organizations, the case study method will be used, and the study of documentation and interviews with experts and individuals will take place. Finally, considering the post-planning approach and the use of sustainable planning, the best strategies based on the conceptual model developed in the form of a theoretical model are presented to the relevant organizations.
Conclusion
This theory describes the mechanisms by which the target community (Afghan government agencies) recognizes their scientific and professional needs and, by referring to them, seeks to acquire the required knowledge and, on the other hand, universities and higher education institutions, parties and organizations. Religious groups, religious communities and scholars, civil society, intellectuals, cultural and social organizations also market their product to the target community.
According to the model obtained from the research results, one of the necessities of the political and social system in the country is to pay attention to the intellectual, physical, scientific and personality development appropriate to the country's conditions (causal conditions). To this end, it is essential that senior managers of government agencies have the characteristics and requirements for administrative, professional, and political activities and provide the necessary contexts for enhancing public competence in the community (the main issue). Despite these supports, the reform of systems, processes, procedures, and mechanisms governing government agencies has been reviewed and summarized to provide valuable results on the performance of senior executives (interactions). Social reinforcement, organizational transformation, and avoidance of stereotypical cultures and traditionalism, and having well-organized programs can provide the necessary backgrounds to replace active and efficient organizations with traditional and classical organizations (interventionist conditions). Consideration of courses, social environments, personal skills, social behaviors and practices, and localization of useful and necessary practices can help in nurturing a manager in the community (Contextual factors). It should be borne in mind, however, that without well-planned planning, the financial and spiritual support needed and the attention of all of the micro-social and organizational sectors to achieve the goals of this research is futile (implications).