University of Sistan and Baluchestan & Iranian Academy of Management Sciences Public Management Researches 2538-3418 18 68 2025 06 22 Designing a Public Policy-Making Model Based on Artificial Intelligence Designing a Public Policy-Making Model Based on Artificial Intelligence 1 30 9248 10.22111/jmr.2025.48083.6156 FA Siavash Rafiei PhD student of public administration, majoring in decision-making and public policy, University of Tehran.Iran. Ali Asghar Pourezzat Full Professor, College of Management and Faculty of Public Administration and Organization Science, Department of Public Policy and Administration, University of Tehran, Iran. Abbas Monavarian Full Professor,College of Management and Faculty of Public Administration and Organization Science, University of Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 02 26 Abstract In the past, public policy-making systems were involved in all stages of policy-making, from problem identification to termination and documentation. However, they were unable to precisely compare the costs and benefits of options. During thisperiod, scholars tried to develop the literature of policy-making and policy research to provide potential capacities for the success of public policies and to offer a kind of strategic insight in dealing with public issues to policy-makers (regardless of evaluating all possible alternatives). This was done with the hope that through trial and error, and in many cases, regardless of the sequential consequences of material, social, and even intergenerational costs, public issues could be solved within the framework of satisfactory models. However, today, due to the unprecedented capacity of knowledge derived from artificial intelligence and data-driven decision-making intelligence, the realization of a rational policy-making model seems more feasible. Introduction Historically, public policymaking systems operated within inherent limitations—constrained by informational deficits and analytical incapacity—leading to an acceptance of systemic inefficacy. The nascent discipline of public policy thus emerged amid foundational shortcomings. However, within a century of conceptualizing policy autonomy, a resurgence of rationality is now imperative. Modern societies, armed with AI-driven decision intelligence and computational prowess (Xu et al., 2021), are redefining governance through machine learning, predictive algorithms, and data-centric paradigms (Eyert et al., 2022). Innovations like autonomous transport and algorithmic regulation (Jung, 2022) exemplify AI’s transformative potential in public administration. Healthcare analytics (Morley et al., 2022) and equitable resource allocation (Robles & Mallison, 2023) demonstrate AI’s capacity to enhance efficacy and equity. This evolution prompts a critical inquiry: does AI herald a new paradigm (Hood, 1991) in policymaking? By integrating stakeholder interests (Gellers, 2021) and leveraging big data, AI promises to mitigate inequalities and optimize resource distribution. The exponential growth of AI research (Duan et al., 2019) underscores its role in advancing decision-support systems, expert systems, and scenario-based policymaking, ultimately redefining rationality in governance. Case study Interviews were conducted with 11 expert specialists in the fields of public administration, publicpolicy-making, artificial intelligence, programming, and philosophy of language Materials and Methods This research employs a qualitative approach utilizing the classic grounded theory method (Glaser, 1978:7). In terms of purpose, it is an applied study designed to advance public policy knowledge through the application of artificial intelligence and rational decision-making frameworks. Discussion and Results The AI-based public policy-making model presents a transformative approach that comprehensively addresses current and future societal needs through advanced spatiotemporal analytical frameworks. This innovative model integrates policy science with artificial intelligence capabilities to systematically rationalize the construction of social reality, creating a dynamic innovation ecosystem where interconnected cognitive policy networks process vast amounts of public data to inform political and administrative decision-making processes. The model's architecture demonstrates several distinctive features: its data governance framework facilitates real-time information aggregation, continuous machine learning, and evidence-based decision cycles while rigorously maintaining ethical governance protocols. Conclusion The system generates balanced policy outputs through sophisticated algorithmic analysis of alternatives, effectively filtering out impractical options and promoting intergenerational equity. Its innovation infrastructure includes policy laboratories, intelligent decision-support mechanisms, and comprehensive performance assessment modules that leverage AI's predictive analytics capabilities. However, the implementation landscape faces significant challenges, including the risk of policy system failure due to the accumulation of unenforceable measures that may exacerbate bureaucratic inefficiencies and social disorder. Furthermore, limitations in human and material capital investment threaten the ecosystem's sustainability and may intensify brain drain and the proliferation of unsubstantiated knowledge systems. This fundamental paradigm shift redefines traditional notions of policy rationality through AI's unparalleled analytical capacities while simultaneously addressing the complex challenges of systemic vulnerability in modern governance structures. The convergence of computational policy-making and institutional frameworks heralds a new era of evidence-based governance, though its successful implementation requires careful navigation of both technological and socio-political dimensions. Abstract In the past, public policy-making systems were involved in all stages of policy-making, from problem identification to termination and documentation. However, they were unable to precisely compare the costs and benefits of options. During thisperiod, scholars tried to develop the literature of policy-making and policy research to provide potential capacities for the success of public policies and to offer a kind of strategic insight in dealing with public issues to policy-makers (regardless of evaluating all possible alternatives). This was done with the hope that through trial and error, and in many cases, regardless of the sequential consequences of material, social, and even intergenerational costs, public issues could be solved within the framework of satisfactory models. However, today, due to the unprecedented capacity of knowledge derived from artificial intelligence and data-driven decision-making intelligence, the realization of a rational policy-making model seems more feasible. Introduction Historically, public policymaking systems operated within inherent limitations—constrained by informational deficits and analytical incapacity—leading to an acceptance of systemic inefficacy. The nascent discipline of public policy thus emerged amid foundational shortcomings. However, within a century of conceptualizing policy autonomy, a resurgence of rationality is now imperative. Modern societies, armed with AI-driven decision intelligence and computational prowess (Xu et al., 2021), are redefining governance through machine learning, predictive algorithms, and data-centric paradigms (Eyert et al., 2022). Innovations like autonomous transport and algorithmic regulation (Jung, 2022) exemplify AI’s transformative potential in public administration. Healthcare analytics (Morley et al., 2022) and equitable resource allocation (Robles & Mallison, 2023) demonstrate AI’s capacity to enhance efficacy and equity. This evolution prompts a critical inquiry: does AI herald a new paradigm (Hood, 1991) in policymaking? By integrating stakeholder interests (Gellers, 2021) and leveraging big data, AI promises to mitigate inequalities and optimize resource distribution. The exponential growth of AI research (Duan et al., 2019) underscores its role in advancing decision-support systems, expert systems, and scenario-based policymaking, ultimately redefining rationality in governance. Case study Interviews were conducted with 11 expert specialists in the fields of public administration, publicpolicy-making, artificial intelligence, programming, and philosophy of language Materials and Methods This research employs a qualitative approach utilizing the classic grounded theory method (Glaser, 1978:7). In terms of purpose, it is an applied study designed to advance public policy knowledge through the application of artificial intelligence and rational decision-making frameworks. Discussion and Results The AI-based public policy-making model presents a transformative approach that comprehensively addresses current and future societal needs through advanced spatiotemporal analytical frameworks. This innovative model integrates policy science with artificial intelligence capabilities to systematically rationalize the construction of social reality, creating a dynamic innovation ecosystem where interconnected cognitive policy networks process vast amounts of public data to inform political and administrative decision-making processes. The model's architecture demonstrates several distinctive features: its data governance framework facilitates real-time information aggregation, continuous machine learning, and evidence-based decision cycles while rigorously maintaining ethical governance protocols. Conclusion The system generates balanced policy outputs through sophisticated algorithmic analysis of alternatives, effectively filtering out impractical options and promoting intergenerational equity. Its innovation infrastructure includes policy laboratories, intelligent decision-support mechanisms, and comprehensive performance assessment modules that leverage AI's predictive analytics capabilities. However, the implementation landscape faces significant challenges, including the risk of policy system failure due to the accumulation of unenforceable measures that may exacerbate bureaucratic inefficiencies and social disorder. Furthermore, limitations in human and material capital investment threaten the ecosystem's sustainability and may intensify brain drain and the proliferation of unsubstantiated knowledge systems. This fundamental paradigm shift redefines traditional notions of policy rationality through AI's unparalleled analytical capacities while simultaneously addressing the complex challenges of systemic vulnerability in modern governance structures. The convergence of computational policy-making and institutional frameworks heralds a new era of evidence-based governance, though its successful implementation requires careful navigation of both technological and socio-political dimensions.

https://jmr.usb.ac.ir/article_9248_d3b41d0e021607382418ca21d2b50ae1.pdf

University of Sistan and Baluchestan & Iranian Academy of Management Sciences Public Management Researches 2538-3418 18 68 2025 06 22 Investigating the Relationship Between the Effectiveness of eE-Learning and Self-Regulated Learning with the Moderating Role of Personality Traits (Case Study: University of Tehran Students) Investigating the Relationship Between the Effectiveness of eE-Learning and Self-Regulated Learning with the Moderating Role of Personality Traits (Case Study: University of Tehran Students) 31 60 8975 10.22111/jmr.2025.47806.6143 FA Hamidreza Nematollahi Master's degree, Department of Leadership and Human Capital, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Neda Mohammad Esmaeili Assistant Professor, Department of Leadership and Human Capital, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Aryan Gholipour Professor, Department of Leadership and Human Capital, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Mahdi Zolfagharzadeh Associate Professor, Department of Policy and Public Affairs Administration, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 01 23 Abstract This research aims to investigate the relationship between the effectiveness of e-learning and self-regulated learning, taking into account the moderating role of personality traits. The research in the applied research group is a survey and a quantitative research. The main tool for collecting information in this research is 3 standard questionnaires, and the statistical population of this research includes Tehran University students. The sample size in this research is equal to 351 people using the Spss Sample power sampling software and the sampling method is available sampling. The tool for analyzing questionnaire data of this research is SPSS and AMOS statistical software. In order to determine the presence or absence of influence and relationship between variables and to estimate and generalize the results obtained from the sample size to the statistical population, Pearson's correlation coefficient test, structural correlation model, multiple regression model and moderator model were used to evaluate the research hypotheses. According to the findings of this research, there has been a positive and significant relationship between the factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning and self-regulation learning. 41% of the reason for self-regulation learning is related to the dimensions of factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning. So, the dimensions of the factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning have an effect on self-regulation learning, and self-regulation learning can be predicted based on the factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning in the statistical population. The variable of personality traits has also played a moderating role for the factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning on self-regulation learning. Introduction Educational systems are created with a specific mission and strive to achieve certain goals (Nematollahi et al., 2023). For this purpose, the use of evaluation mechanisms provides the necessary conditions and contexts for the transparency of performance, the accountability of educational systems, and information on the level of achievement of goals and objectives. Learning is a function by which new or existing knowledge, behaviors, abilities, or choices are understood, reinforced, and modified, which may lead to a potential change in the combination of data, depth of knowledge, approach, or behavior relative to the type and range of experiences. (Fisher et al., 2021; Hong et al., 2021; Prasad, 2021). Learning does not happen instantaneously, but grows based on past knowledge. On this basis, learning can be defined along a process (Sarid et al., 2021b; Yukselturk & Bulut, 2007). Learning in humans can be part of the process of education, personal development, and exercises that may be purposeful or motivated (Howlett et al., 2021; Prasad, 2021). In 1998, Forty-four percent of higher education institutions offered distance education courses, an eleven percent increase from 1995 (Cerezo et al., 2020). But due to the rapid development of online education, our understanding of education and learning in this new environment is lagging behind and we have not comprehensively reviewed the literature and many important issues and factors of online education and learning (Bai & Guo, 2021; Maldonado-Mahauad et al., 2018; Sletten, 2017). One of the factors that can affect students' academic performance is self-regulated learning, which is planning based on self-observation that continuously monitors behavior to achieve desired goals. Also, personality traits have been introduced as one of the most important factors in influencing teaching and learning (Maldonado-Mahauad et al., 2018; Panadero et al., 2017; van Houten-Schat et al., 2018). In this regard, in order to improve e-learning systems and self-regulated learning, which is the learning style in e-learning systems, and to explain the role of personality traits, it is necessary to conduct research considering the effect of these variables. Case study University of Tehran students Materials and Methods This research is based on the objective criterion in the applied research group, based on the data collection time criterion in the survey research group, based on the nature of data criterion and the basis of the research, it is a quantitative research and based on the criterion of the data collection method, it is a field research using a questionnaire tool. The main tool for collecting information in this research is 3 standard questionnaires and the spectrum used in the questionnaire of this research is the Likert scale. In line with the data analysis in this research, a questionnaire data analysis tool was used with SPSS and AMOS structural equation modeling software. The statistical population of this research is the students of Tehran University, the sample size in this research is equal to 351 people using SPSS SAMPLE POWER software and the sampling method in this research is available sampling. In order to determine the presence or absence of influence between variables and to estimate and generalize the results obtained from the sample size to the statistical population, Pearson's correlation coefficient test, structural correlation model, multiple regression model and moderator model have been used to evaluate the research hypotheses. Discussion and Results According to the findings of the research, the coefficient of determination in this model indicates that 41% of the cause of self-regulation learning is related to the dimensions of factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning (error prevention, visibility, flexibility, course management, interaction, feedback and assistance, accessibility, stability and functionality, measurement strategies, memory capabilities, completeness, appearance beauty, reduction of rework). In general, according to the output of the bootstrap test to clarify the significance or non-significance of the determination coefficient of 0.41, because the significance level value in this test is reported as 0.0001, it can be concluded that in general these effects (influence of independent variables on the variable dependent) is significant, so the dimensions of the factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning have an effect on self-regulation learning (there is a significant relationship between the factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning and self-regulation learning).Also, the general result of the moderating model is that; It is possible to predict self-regulated learning based on factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning in the statistical population. Considering that both models have a significant difference in the estimation of the coefficient of influence and the significance level is reported to be smaller than the standard error level of 0.05, it can be concluded that the variable of personality characteristics has an effect on the effectiveness of e-learning on self-regulation learning, It has a moderator. Conclusion The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient test and the correlation model used in the evaluation of the hypotheses showed that; The value of the correlation coefficient of these two variables in Amos software is equal to 0.53, which indicates that these two variables have a good correlation. So, in general, it can be concluded that there is a positive and meaningful relationship between the factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning and self-regulation learning, the slope of the regression risk in the data distribution diagram is also positive, indicating that as the amount of factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning increases, learning Self-regulation will also increase and vice versa. The value of the coefficient of determination in this model indicates that 41% of the cause of self-regulation learning is related to the dimensions of factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning. Also, each of the 12 dimensions has a unique effect on the effectiveness of the e-learning system; Also, the moderating role of personality traits has been proven and the role of each of its dimensions is confirmed. Abstract This research aims to investigate the relationship between the effectiveness of e-learning and self-regulated learning, taking into account the moderating role of personality traits. The research in the applied research group is a survey and a quantitative research. The main tool for collecting information in this research is 3 standard questionnaires, and the statistical population of this research includes Tehran University students. The sample size in this research is equal to 351 people using the Spss Sample power sampling software and the sampling method is available sampling. The tool for analyzing questionnaire data of this research is SPSS and AMOS statistical software. In order to determine the presence or absence of influence and relationship between variables and to estimate and generalize the results obtained from the sample size to the statistical population, Pearson's correlation coefficient test, structural correlation model, multiple regression model and moderator model were used to evaluate the research hypotheses. According to the findings of this research, there has been a positive and significant relationship between the factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning and self-regulation learning. 41% of the reason for self-regulation learning is related to the dimensions of factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning. So, the dimensions of the factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning have an effect on self-regulation learning, and self-regulation learning can be predicted based on the factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning in the statistical population. The variable of personality traits has also played a moderating role for the factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning on self-regulation learning. Introduction Educational systems are created with a specific mission and strive to achieve certain goals (Nematollahi et al., 2023). For this purpose, the use of evaluation mechanisms provides the necessary conditions and contexts for the transparency of performance, the accountability of educational systems, and information on the level of achievement of goals and objectives. Learning is a function by which new or existing knowledge, behaviors, abilities, or choices are understood, reinforced, and modified, which may lead to a potential change in the combination of data, depth of knowledge, approach, or behavior relative to the type and range of experiences. (Fisher et al., 2021; Hong et al., 2021; Prasad, 2021). Learning does not happen instantaneously, but grows based on past knowledge. On this basis, learning can be defined along a process (Sarid et al., 2021b; Yukselturk & Bulut, 2007). Learning in humans can be part of the process of education, personal development, and exercises that may be purposeful or motivated (Howlett et al., 2021; Prasad, 2021). In 1998, Forty-four percent of higher education institutions offered distance education courses, an eleven percent increase from 1995 (Cerezo et al., 2020). But due to the rapid development of online education, our understanding of education and learning in this new environment is lagging behind and we have not comprehensively reviewed the literature and many important issues and factors of online education and learning (Bai & Guo, 2021; Maldonado-Mahauad et al., 2018; Sletten, 2017). One of the factors that can affect students' academic performance is self-regulated learning, which is planning based on self-observation that continuously monitors behavior to achieve desired goals. Also, personality traits have been introduced as one of the most important factors in influencing teaching and learning (Maldonado-Mahauad et al., 2018; Panadero et al., 2017; van Houten-Schat et al., 2018). In this regard, in order to improve e-learning systems and self-regulated learning, which is the learning style in e-learning systems, and to explain the role of personality traits, it is necessary to conduct research considering the effect of these variables. Case study University of Tehran students Materials and Methods This research is based on the objective criterion in the applied research group, based on the data collection time criterion in the survey research group, based on the nature of data criterion and the basis of the research, it is a quantitative research and based on the criterion of the data collection method, it is a field research using a questionnaire tool. The main tool for collecting information in this research is 3 standard questionnaires and the spectrum used in the questionnaire of this research is the Likert scale. In line with the data analysis in this research, a questionnaire data analysis tool was used with SPSS and AMOS structural equation modeling software. The statistical population of this research is the students of Tehran University, the sample size in this research is equal to 351 people using SPSS SAMPLE POWER software and the sampling method in this research is available sampling. In order to determine the presence or absence of influence between variables and to estimate and generalize the results obtained from the sample size to the statistical population, Pearson's correlation coefficient test, structural correlation model, multiple regression model and moderator model have been used to evaluate the research hypotheses. Discussion and Results According to the findings of the research, the coefficient of determination in this model indicates that 41% of the cause of self-regulation learning is related to the dimensions of factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning (error prevention, visibility, flexibility, course management, interaction, feedback and assistance, accessibility, stability and functionality, measurement strategies, memory capabilities, completeness, appearance beauty, reduction of rework). In general, according to the output of the bootstrap test to clarify the significance or non-significance of the determination coefficient of 0.41, because the significance level value in this test is reported as 0.0001, it can be concluded that in general these effects (influence of independent variables on the variable dependent) is significant, so the dimensions of the factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning have an effect on self-regulation learning (there is a significant relationship between the factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning and self-regulation learning).Also, the general result of the moderating model is that; It is possible to predict self-regulated learning based on factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning in the statistical population. Considering that both models have a significant difference in the estimation of the coefficient of influence and the significance level is reported to be smaller than the standard error level of 0.05, it can be concluded that the variable of personality characteristics has an effect on the effectiveness of e-learning on self-regulation learning, It has a moderator. Conclusion The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient test and the correlation model used in the evaluation of the hypotheses showed that; The value of the correlation coefficient of these two variables in Amos software is equal to 0.53, which indicates that these two variables have a good correlation. So, in general, it can be concluded that there is a positive and meaningful relationship between the factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning and self-regulation learning, the slope of the regression risk in the data distribution diagram is also positive, indicating that as the amount of factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning increases, learning Self-regulation will also increase and vice versa. The value of the coefficient of determination in this model indicates that 41% of the cause of self-regulation learning is related to the dimensions of factors affecting the effectiveness of e-learning. Also, each of the 12 dimensions has a unique effect on the effectiveness of the e-learning system; Also, the moderating role of personality traits has been proven and the role of each of its dimensions is confirmed.

https://jmr.usb.ac.ir/article_8975_e171cc74f0513c90eccad8a3a7e3543d.pdf

University of Sistan and Baluchestan & Iranian Academy of Management Sciences Public Management Researches 2538-3418 18 68 2025 06 22 Providing a Model to Maximize the Benefits of Health Tourists with the Grounded Theory Approach Providing a Model to Maximize the Benefits of Health Tourists with the Grounded Theory Approach 61 84 8748 10.22111/jmr.2024.49248.6216 FA Naser Seifollahi Professor Department Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Adeleh Dehghani Ghahnavieh Ph.D Candidate Management - Marketing Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Journal Article 2024 07 06 Abstract Health tourism is one of the emerging topics that has a special place and role in generating income and gaining a competitive advantage. The purpose of this study is to provide a model to maximize the benefits of health tourists. This research is a qualitative, interpretive, and inductive development that was implemented with a grounded theory approach. The statistical population of the study included fifteen people from hospital managers, hotels, and agencies, as well as patients who had experience of several trips, participated in the study through non-probability snowball sampling and semi-structured interviews. The data analysis was done with MAXQDA software and the Grounded Theory approach based on three stages of open, central, and selective coding. First, data was collected with a semi-structured interview, and then in the process of coding extraction and categories in the form of causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening and phenomenon-oriented conditions and strategies and consequences of a certain conceptual model and in the selection stage of each of the elements of the model were presented to create a research theory. Therefore, according to the results of this research, to maximize the benefit of health tourists, strategies such as targeted and focused development strategy, comprehensive analysis of the target market, global branding and marketing, use of a distinctive brand strategy, targeted marketing communications, development of collaborations, and comprehensive experience design and personalization should be used. The use of new technologies the development of health tourism and the development of goods and services should be considered in the decisions and the planning of this industry. Circumstances also paid special attention to achieving favorable consequences for this industry and society. Introduction Health tourism is recognized as a growing industry. Therefore, sustainable development in health tourism is not only for the well-being of patients; It is also necessary for purposes and communities. From this point of view, sustainable development in health tourism to develop solutions related to environmental, social, and economic challenges is the advancement of the country and the tourism sector (Figueiredo et al., 2024). The importance of the health tourism industry has been increasing rapidly in recent years (Kim & Hyun, 2022). Health tourism appears as an important aspect at the intersection of achieving well-being and global mobility. This complex phenomenon in which travelers seek medical treatment beyond their borders redefines the traditional dynamics of health and tourism (Ghosh & Mandal, 2019). Materials and Methods The general goal of the research is to design a model to maximize the benefits of health tourists. The current research is based on the fundamental and practical purpose, and in terms of the exploratory method, and philosophically, it has an interpretive orientation, and in terms of an inductive approach. In collecting data in the field through semi-structured interviews, and in the component strategy grounded theory has been used. The research subjects are 15 experts who were selected using the snowball sampling method. The duration of each interview was between 45 minutes and one hour. n this research, validity and reliability were investigated and confirmed. Discussion and Results According to the model and results of the research, causal conditions include access to high-quality medical services and reasonable costs, the existence of suitable facilities and equipment for tourism, encouraging and supportive policies of the government, natural attractions and favorable weather, and the suitability of culture and traditions for tourists. security and political stability, reputation and reputation of medical centers, quality and variety of services provided to health tourists, advertising and targeted marketing, efficient medical service delivery system, technological and digital facilities, insurance system and coverage of medical expenses, network management and supply chain, attracting and training and developing specialized human resources, paying attention to the needs and preferences of health tourists, creating a lasting and satisfying experience for health tourists, providing a safe and calm and favorable environment for treatment, travel management and providing support services, attention to health and safety issues, creating competitive and transparent conditions in the health tourism market and the central phenomenon including medical and tourism infrastructures, multi-purpose and creative professionals, visual and artistic appeal, attention and importance to charitable and environmental issues, categories A strategy including targeted and focused development strategy, branding and global marketing, comprehensive analysis of target market, definition of distinctive brand strategy, development of integrated health tourism, development of focused goods and services, targeted marketing communications, focus on customer experience, use of technologies new, development of relationships and collaborations, continuous monitoring and evaluation, comprehensive and personalized experience design and relevant categories including innovative research and development, participation and local governance, patient empowerment and participation, innovative and dynamic ecosystem. The economy of circular health tourism, intervening categories including effective governance and policy-making, capacity building of human resources, risk management and safety of tourists, attention to social responsibility and sustainability, and consequential categories including improving the health and well-being of tourists, increasing capacity The competitiveness of the health tourism destination is to create job opportunities and generate income, improve the level of knowledge and innovation in the health industry, improve the international image and position, strengthen cultural and social ties, increase tax revenues and foreign exchange, and achieve the goals of sustainable development. Conclusion To improve the benefit of health tourists, it is necessary to integrate smart infrastructures such as coherent information systems, new technologies such as the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, high-speed and stable communication networks, the implementation of international safety standards, and the acquisition of globally valid certificates in the fields of health, treatment, and tourism to increase The safety and security of tourists, planning for training and empowering employees to provide global quality services and create a comprehensive and personalized experience through the design of unique tourism-therapeutic services and experiences and online-offline integration were given special attention. Abstract Health tourism is one of the emerging topics that has a special place and role in generating income and gaining a competitive advantage. The purpose of this study is to provide a model to maximize the benefits of health tourists. This research is a qualitative, interpretive, and inductive development that was implemented with a grounded theory approach. The statistical population of the study included fifteen people from hospital managers, hotels, and agencies, as well as patients who had experience of several trips, participated in the study through non-probability snowball sampling and semi-structured interviews. The data analysis was done with MAXQDA software and the Grounded Theory approach based on three stages of open, central, and selective coding. First, data was collected with a semi-structured interview, and then in the process of coding extraction and categories in the form of causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening and phenomenon-oriented conditions and strategies and consequences of a certain conceptual model and in the selection stage of each of the elements of the model were presented to create a research theory. Therefore, according to the results of this research, to maximize the benefit of health tourists, strategies such as targeted and focused development strategy, comprehensive analysis of the target market, global branding and marketing, use of a distinctive brand strategy, targeted marketing communications, development of collaborations, and comprehensive experience design and personalization should be used. The use of new technologies the development of health tourism and the development of goods and services should be considered in the decisions and the planning of this industry. Circumstances also paid special attention to achieving favorable consequences for this industry and society. Introduction Health tourism is recognized as a growing industry. Therefore, sustainable development in health tourism is not only for the well-being of patients; It is also necessary for purposes and communities. From this point of view, sustainable development in health tourism to develop solutions related to environmental, social, and economic challenges is the advancement of the country and the tourism sector (Figueiredo et al., 2024). The importance of the health tourism industry has been increasing rapidly in recent years (Kim & Hyun, 2022). Health tourism appears as an important aspect at the intersection of achieving well-being and global mobility. This complex phenomenon in which travelers seek medical treatment beyond their borders redefines the traditional dynamics of health and tourism (Ghosh & Mandal, 2019). Materials and Methods The general goal of the research is to design a model to maximize the benefits of health tourists. The current research is based on the fundamental and practical purpose, and in terms of the exploratory method, and philosophically, it has an interpretive orientation, and in terms of an inductive approach. In collecting data in the field through semi-structured interviews, and in the component strategy grounded theory has been used. The research subjects are 15 experts who were selected using the snowball sampling method. The duration of each interview was between 45 minutes and one hour. n this research, validity and reliability were investigated and confirmed. Discussion and Results According to the model and results of the research, causal conditions include access to high-quality medical services and reasonable costs, the existence of suitable facilities and equipment for tourism, encouraging and supportive policies of the government, natural attractions and favorable weather, and the suitability of culture and traditions for tourists. security and political stability, reputation and reputation of medical centers, quality and variety of services provided to health tourists, advertising and targeted marketing, efficient medical service delivery system, technological and digital facilities, insurance system and coverage of medical expenses, network management and supply chain, attracting and training and developing specialized human resources, paying attention to the needs and preferences of health tourists, creating a lasting and satisfying experience for health tourists, providing a safe and calm and favorable environment for treatment, travel management and providing support services, attention to health and safety issues, creating competitive and transparent conditions in the health tourism market and the central phenomenon including medical and tourism infrastructures, multi-purpose and creative professionals, visual and artistic appeal, attention and importance to charitable and environmental issues, categories A strategy including targeted and focused development strategy, branding and global marketing, comprehensive analysis of target market, definition of distinctive brand strategy, development of integrated health tourism, development of focused goods and services, targeted marketing communications, focus on customer experience, use of technologies new, development of relationships and collaborations, continuous monitoring and evaluation, comprehensive and personalized experience design and relevant categories including innovative research and development, participation and local governance, patient empowerment and participation, innovative and dynamic ecosystem. The economy of circular health tourism, intervening categories including effective governance and policy-making, capacity building of human resources, risk management and safety of tourists, attention to social responsibility and sustainability, and consequential categories including improving the health and well-being of tourists, increasing capacity The competitiveness of the health tourism destination is to create job opportunities and generate income, improve the level of knowledge and innovation in the health industry, improve the international image and position, strengthen cultural and social ties, increase tax revenues and foreign exchange, and achieve the goals of sustainable development. Conclusion To improve the benefit of health tourists, it is necessary to integrate smart infrastructures such as coherent information systems, new technologies such as the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, high-speed and stable communication networks, the implementation of international safety standards, and the acquisition of globally valid certificates in the fields of health, treatment, and tourism to increase The safety and security of tourists, planning for training and empowering employees to provide global quality services and create a comprehensive and personalized experience through the design of unique tourism-therapeutic services and experiences and online-offline integration were given special attention.

https://jmr.usb.ac.ir/article_8748_524851ff7cd719a755de642220496fb7.pdf

University of Sistan and Baluchestan & Iranian Academy of Management Sciences Public Management Researches 2538-3418 18 68 2025 06 22 Exploring the Antecedents of Organizational Ambidexterity (the case study of Alborz Insurance Company) Exploring the Antecedents of Organizational Ambidexterity (the case study of Alborz Insurance Company) 85 108 8974 10.22111/jmr.2025.48282.6170 FA Hossein Damghanian Professor Department Management, Faculty of Economics, Management and Administrative Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Fereshteh Ghaleh Agha Babaei Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Faculty of Economics, Management and Administrative Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Journal Article 2024 04 06 Abstract Organizational ambidexterity is one of the significant ideas of management that relates the long-term success of an organization to its ability to exploit current capabilities and discover new core competencies at the same time. Nevertheless, it is considered a relatively complex challenge for the organization, because creating a balance between the conflicting requirements of realizing what is described as organizational ambidexterity, requires investigating and knowing the contexts of its formation. The current research aims to identify the antecedents of organizational ambidexterity in the branches of Alborz Insurance Company in a qualitative way. Semi-structured interviews with purposeful sampling and theoretical saturation stopping criteria were used to collect information, as well as thematic analysis method to identify their pattern. By coding the obtained data and recognizing the themes, their communication pattern was drawn as a model. The reliability and validity of extracted themes were checked and confirmed by several methods. The results indicate 45 basic themes, 12 organizing themes and 5 global themes; multi-dimensional management, multi-dimensional human resources, multi-dimensional architecture, multi-dimensional internal environment and external environment factors have an effect on organizational ambidexterity, the use of which provides the basis for the realization of an ambidextrous organization and achieves a competitive advantage and maintains it in the long term. Introduction Due to the constant changes in the business environment and technological advancements, organizations must keep up with speed to stay in the game. The way some managers solve today's challenges has led to the research of many researchers and the presentation of the term organizational mastery, which is a key driver for performance. The way some managers solve today's challenges has led to the research of many researchers and the presentation of the term organizational ambidexterity, which is a key driver for performance. An ambidextrous organization is an organization that explores and exploits at the same time and has the ability to manage today's business and adapt to future needs. If companies succeed in implementing organizational ambidexterity, they are more likely to succeed than other companies that focus solely on exploration or exploitation; because it becomes easier for them to adapt to current environmental changes (Gianzina-Kassotaki, 2017). Case study Research shows the difference in the factors underlying the formation of organizational ambidexterity in the private and public sectors (Priyanka, Jain, & Dhir, 2020); researches shows that these factors are not investigated in the private sector of Iran. The current research gap and the expressed desire of Alborz insurance company managers as a private insurance company whose managers understand the dynamic and competitive environment of the industry well and seek to regain their competitive position of the past years, encouraged the researchers to investigate the antecedents of organizational ambidexterity. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer this question: What are the antecedents of organizational ambidexterity in Alborz Insurance Company? Materials and Methods The current research is qualitative and applied. The statistical population includes faculty members and experts in the field of management and familiar with the insurance industry, who are also interested in organizational excellence. The research method is thematic analysis, which is a method to recognize, analyze and report the patterns in qualitative data, and it is an interactive process that includes six steps (Scharp & Sanders, 2018); In order to realize the validity and reliability of the research, at the stage of selecting the topic, a comprehensive review of the theoretical foundations was carried out to ensure the validity of the research and to design appropriate questions, as well as conduct interviews with study and consultation with experts. To check the reliability, two methods of test-retest reliability and inter-coder reliability have been used. Discussion and Results The results indicate 5 global themes; multi-dimensional management, multi-dimensional human resources, multi-dimensional architecture, multi-faceted internal environment and external environment factors. Multi-dimensional management includes two organizing themes: 1. manager's belief and persuasion and 2. Manager’s ability. Multi-dimensional human resources also includes two organizing themes: 1. individual characteristics and 2. Individual skills. Multi-dimensional architecture includes 1. Coordination mechanism and 2. Network feature. The multi-dimensional internal environment also includes 1. The organization's approach, 2. Human resource management policies, 3. The organization's knowledge base, and 4. Organizational culture. The aspects of the external environment also include two organizing themes: 1. legal and political and 2. Social. Conclusion The main goal of the current research is to identify the antecedents of organizational ambidexterity, meaning the balance between exploitation and exploration, and it is considered a vital matter in a dynamic and competitive environment. By creating a balance between exploitation and exploration, the organization can have long-term growth and continuous innovation and maintain its market share in the 5 key concepts mentioned. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to personality traits in the recruitment of human resources (the theme of The multi-dimensional human resources) and in promotion to managerial positions (the theme of multi-dimensional management) to the ability and commitment of people to the field of mastery, in the arrangement of the structure of the organization (the theme of multi-dimensional architecture) and the relationship with the environment, both internal and external, should be considered as the conditions of organizational ambidexterity. Abstract Organizational ambidexterity is one of the significant ideas of management that relates the long-term success of an organization to its ability to exploit current capabilities and discover new core competencies at the same time. Nevertheless, it is considered a relatively complex challenge for the organization, because creating a balance between the conflicting requirements of realizing what is described as organizational ambidexterity, requires investigating and knowing the contexts of its formation. The current research aims to identify the antecedents of organizational ambidexterity in the branches of Alborz Insurance Company in a qualitative way. Semi-structured interviews with purposeful sampling and theoretical saturation stopping criteria were used to collect information, as well as thematic analysis method to identify their pattern. By coding the obtained data and recognizing the themes, their communication pattern was drawn as a model. The reliability and validity of extracted themes were checked and confirmed by several methods. The results indicate 45 basic themes, 12 organizing themes and 5 global themes; multi-dimensional management, multi-dimensional human resources, multi-dimensional architecture, multi-dimensional internal environment and external environment factors have an effect on organizational ambidexterity, the use of which provides the basis for the realization of an ambidextrous organization and achieves a competitive advantage and maintains it in the long term. Introduction Due to the constant changes in the business environment and technological advancements, organizations must keep up with speed to stay in the game. The way some managers solve today's challenges has led to the research of many researchers and the presentation of the term organizational mastery, which is a key driver for performance. The way some managers solve today's challenges has led to the research of many researchers and the presentation of the term organizational ambidexterity, which is a key driver for performance. An ambidextrous organization is an organization that explores and exploits at the same time and has the ability to manage today's business and adapt to future needs. If companies succeed in implementing organizational ambidexterity, they are more likely to succeed than other companies that focus solely on exploration or exploitation; because it becomes easier for them to adapt to current environmental changes (Gianzina-Kassotaki, 2017). Case study Research shows the difference in the factors underlying the formation of organizational ambidexterity in the private and public sectors (Priyanka, Jain, & Dhir, 2020); researches shows that these factors are not investigated in the private sector of Iran. The current research gap and the expressed desire of Alborz insurance company managers as a private insurance company whose managers understand the dynamic and competitive environment of the industry well and seek to regain their competitive position of the past years, encouraged the researchers to investigate the antecedents of organizational ambidexterity. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer this question: What are the antecedents of organizational ambidexterity in Alborz Insurance Company? Materials and Methods The current research is qualitative and applied. The statistical population includes faculty members and experts in the field of management and familiar with the insurance industry, who are also interested in organizational excellence. The research method is thematic analysis, which is a method to recognize, analyze and report the patterns in qualitative data, and it is an interactive process that includes six steps (Scharp & Sanders, 2018); In order to realize the validity and reliability of the research, at the stage of selecting the topic, a comprehensive review of the theoretical foundations was carried out to ensure the validity of the research and to design appropriate questions, as well as conduct interviews with study and consultation with experts. To check the reliability, two methods of test-retest reliability and inter-coder reliability have been used. Discussion and Results The results indicate 5 global themes; multi-dimensional management, multi-dimensional human resources, multi-dimensional architecture, multi-faceted internal environment and external environment factors. Multi-dimensional management includes two organizing themes: 1. manager's belief and persuasion and 2. Manager’s ability. Multi-dimensional human resources also includes two organizing themes: 1. individual characteristics and 2. Individual skills. Multi-dimensional architecture includes 1. Coordination mechanism and 2. Network feature. The multi-dimensional internal environment also includes 1. The organization's approach, 2. Human resource management policies, 3. The organization's knowledge base, and 4. Organizational culture. The aspects of the external environment also include two organizing themes: 1. legal and political and 2. Social. Conclusion The main goal of the current research is to identify the antecedents of organizational ambidexterity, meaning the balance between exploitation and exploration, and it is considered a vital matter in a dynamic and competitive environment. By creating a balance between exploitation and exploration, the organization can have long-term growth and continuous innovation and maintain its market share in the 5 key concepts mentioned. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to personality traits in the recruitment of human resources (the theme of The multi-dimensional human resources) and in promotion to managerial positions (the theme of multi-dimensional management) to the ability and commitment of people to the field of mastery, in the arrangement of the structure of the organization (the theme of multi-dimensional architecture) and the relationship with the environment, both internal and external, should be considered as the conditions of organizational ambidexterity.

https://jmr.usb.ac.ir/article_8974_1d4d9bae7699ab887e543f31457afdcd.pdf

University of Sistan and Baluchestan & Iranian Academy of Management Sciences Public Management Researches 2538-3418 18 68 2025 06 22 Strategic Sustainability of Businesses(A case study of family Companies) Strategic Sustainability of Businesses(A case study of family Companies) 109 138 8976 10.22111/jmr.2025.46336.6044 FA Yousef Mohammad Karimi Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management & Accounting, PayameNoor University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-0405-7632 Mohsen Akbari Associate Professor, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Mohammad Doustar Associate Professor, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Journal Article 2023 08 04 Abstract This study aimed to develop a strategic sustainability model for family businesses using a mixed-methods approach. In the qualitative phase, grounded theory was applied through interviews with 18 leaders of multi-generational family businesses in western Iran, resulting in a paradigmatic model. The quantitative phase tested this model using structural equation modeling with data from 220 randomly selected entrepreneurs, experts, and managers of small and medium-sized enterprises. The results confirmed the model’s validity and highlighted that family businesses manage conflicts between business and family goals through a strong family-oriented value system and talent management, which contributes to long-term sustainability. Introduction Sustainability has become a strategic priority for many companies around the world. Sustainability is a strategic necessity that can guarantee business survival. Due to the rapid growth during the last decade, family business research as a field of study has reached a new stage. Family businesses represent a significant socio-economic enterprise in developing and developed countries, accounting for approximately 90% of all enterprises in the world. Therefore, family businesses are an important factor in the economic development of countries. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to design a strategic sustainability model for family businesses. In other words, this research seeks to create a dynamic and multi-level insight of adopting a strategic sustainability approach in family businesses. Case study The statistical population of the qualitative stage consists of family businesses in the western provinces of Iran (West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan and Kermanshah) that operate in their second, third or fourth generation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 leaders and founders of these businesses to gather first-hand experiences. The statistical population of the quantitative stage includes entrepreneurs and experts in the field of business and managers of small and medium businesses located in the provinces of West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan and Kermanshah, who were selected as the statistical population of the research due to the reliable information they had about the research topic. Materials and Methods The method of this research is a combination of quantitative and qualitative research. In the qualitative phase, the research approach is exploratory. The research strategy is action research. The research method is fundamental data theory method. The purpose of the qualitative research phase is to create a systematic model. In the quantitative stage, G-Power software was used to determine the sample size with an error level of 5%, based on which 220 people were selected by simple random sampling. In order to obtain research data, a proportionality questionnaire was designed based on the identified indicators and components related to the sustainability dimensions of family businesses. A designed questionnaire that includes 52 items was distributed among the research sample after expert approval. In order to analyze the quantitative data and test the research hypotheses, and in order to investigate the relationships between the discovered variables and their influence on each other, the variance-based structural equation analysis method and SmartPLS software were used. Discussion and Results The findings of the qualitative part of the design of the data model of the strategic sustainability foundation of family businesses, which include; causal conditions (human resource functions, management and leadership functions, and performance management functions), contextual conditions (family cultural structure, family-centric social structure, regional economic structure, and identity-centric historical structure), intervening factors (inheritance capital, crises, generational changes, and regional relative advantages), strategies (value orientation, goal orientation, and talent management), and outcomes (organizational, social, and economic outcomes). In the quantitative section, structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the extracted model using Smart PLS. The statistical population for this phase consisted of entrepreneurs, business experts, and managers of small and medium-sized businesses located in the western provinces of Iran. Approximately 864 individuals were identified based on relative statistics from the departments of Industries and Mines and managers of industrial parks in each province. G-Power was used to determine the sample size with a 5% error level, resulting in a total of 220 individuals selected through simple random sampling. A proportionality assessment questionnaire was designed based on the identified dimensions and indicators relevant to the sustainability of family businesses to collect research data. The 52-item questionnaire was validated by supervisors, advisors, and faculty members specializing in management and social sciences as experts, confirming its face and content validity. After expert validation, 220 questionnaires were distributed among the research sample. Due to social constraints during the COVID-19 period, most questionnaires were sent to individuals via email and other social media platforms, and responses were collected through the same channels. The quantitative findings support the measurement model and the relationships between its variables. Conclusions The results indicate that family businesses effectively manage challenges and conflicts between business goals and family goals through a family-centric value orientation, ensuring the sustainability of the business through the management of family talents. Abstract This study aimed to develop a strategic sustainability model for family businesses using a mixed-methods approach. In the qualitative phase, grounded theory was applied through interviews with 18 leaders of multi-generational family businesses in western Iran, resulting in a paradigmatic model. The quantitative phase tested this model using structural equation modeling with data from 220 randomly selected entrepreneurs, experts, and managers of small and medium-sized enterprises. The results confirmed the model’s validity and highlighted that family businesses manage conflicts between business and family goals through a strong family-oriented value system and talent management, which contributes to long-term sustainability. Introduction Sustainability has become a strategic priority for many companies around the world. Sustainability is a strategic necessity that can guarantee business survival. Due to the rapid growth during the last decade, family business research as a field of study has reached a new stage. Family businesses represent a significant socio-economic enterprise in developing and developed countries, accounting for approximately 90% of all enterprises in the world. Therefore, family businesses are an important factor in the economic development of countries. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to design a strategic sustainability model for family businesses. In other words, this research seeks to create a dynamic and multi-level insight of adopting a strategic sustainability approach in family businesses. Case study The statistical population of the qualitative stage consists of family businesses in the western provinces of Iran (West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan and Kermanshah) that operate in their second, third or fourth generation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 leaders and founders of these businesses to gather first-hand experiences. The statistical population of the quantitative stage includes entrepreneurs and experts in the field of business and managers of small and medium businesses located in the provinces of West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan and Kermanshah, who were selected as the statistical population of the research due to the reliable information they had about the research topic. Materials and Methods The method of this research is a combination of quantitative and qualitative research. In the qualitative phase, the research approach is exploratory. The research strategy is action research. The research method is fundamental data theory method. The purpose of the qualitative research phase is to create a systematic model. In the quantitative stage, G-Power software was used to determine the sample size with an error level of 5%, based on which 220 people were selected by simple random sampling. In order to obtain research data, a proportionality questionnaire was designed based on the identified indicators and components related to the sustainability dimensions of family businesses. A designed questionnaire that includes 52 items was distributed among the research sample after expert approval. In order to analyze the quantitative data and test the research hypotheses, and in order to investigate the relationships between the discovered variables and their influence on each other, the variance-based structural equation analysis method and SmartPLS software were used. Discussion and Results The findings of the qualitative part of the design of the data model of the strategic sustainability foundation of family businesses, which include; causal conditions (human resource functions, management and leadership functions, and performance management functions), contextual conditions (family cultural structure, family-centric social structure, regional economic structure, and identity-centric historical structure), intervening factors (inheritance capital, crises, generational changes, and regional relative advantages), strategies (value orientation, goal orientation, and talent management), and outcomes (organizational, social, and economic outcomes). In the quantitative section, structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the extracted model using Smart PLS. The statistical population for this phase consisted of entrepreneurs, business experts, and managers of small and medium-sized businesses located in the western provinces of Iran. Approximately 864 individuals were identified based on relative statistics from the departments of Industries and Mines and managers of industrial parks in each province. G-Power was used to determine the sample size with a 5% error level, resulting in a total of 220 individuals selected through simple random sampling. A proportionality assessment questionnaire was designed based on the identified dimensions and indicators relevant to the sustainability of family businesses to collect research data. The 52-item questionnaire was validated by supervisors, advisors, and faculty members specializing in management and social sciences as experts, confirming its face and content validity. After expert validation, 220 questionnaires were distributed among the research sample. Due to social constraints during the COVID-19 period, most questionnaires were sent to individuals via email and other social media platforms, and responses were collected through the same channels. The quantitative findings support the measurement model and the relationships between its variables. Conclusions The results indicate that family businesses effectively manage challenges and conflicts between business goals and family goals through a family-centric value orientation, ensuring the sustainability of the business through the management of family talents.

https://jmr.usb.ac.ir/article_8976_4b1ee4ee1e0a81d6c614da9e16dc4734.pdf

University of Sistan and Baluchestan & Iranian Academy of Management Sciences Public Management Researches 2538-3418 18 68 2025 06 22 The Effect of Human Resource Management Practices on Innovative Work Behaviors with the Mediating of Human Resource Flexibility The Effect of Human Resource Management Practices on Innovative Work Behaviors with the Mediating of Human Resource Flexibility 139 170 8749 10.22111/jmr.2024.47220.6101 FA Sahand Masoudniya M.A. Student of Educational Administration, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. Naser Nastiezaie Associate Professor of Educational Administration, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. Journal Article 2023 11 17 Abstract The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of human resource practices on innovative work behaviors with the mediation of human resource flexibility. The research method was descriptive-correlation (based on the structural equation model). The statistical population of the research was all the faculty members of the university of Sistan and Baluchestan in the academic year 2022-2023, by stratified random sampling 212 of them were selected and studied through questionnaires on human resources practices, innovative work behaviors and human resource flexibility. For data analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation model were used with the help of SmartPls software. Based on the findings, there was a positive and significant relationship between human resources practices, innovative work behaviors and human resources flexibility, the direct effect of human resource management practices on human resources flexibility and innovative work behaviors, the direct effect of human resources flexibility on innovative work behaviors and the indirect effect of human resource management practices on innovative work behaviors mediated by human resource flexibility was positively and significantly. Therefore, by adopting initiatives such as using advanced recruitment systems, in-service and merit-based training, fair service compensation, incentive and performance-based and result-oriented performance evaluation, human resource managers can provide the basis for the flexibility of human resources and the desire for innovative work behaviors. Introduction The transformation of Sistan and Baluchistan University into an innovative university will be the path when the senior managers of this university pay attention to the underlying factors of innovative work behaviors in human resources, which is discussed in this study on the role of human resources measures and flexibility of human resources. Human resource measures are a strategic approach to the process of attracting, training and improving, developing, managing, creating motivation and achieving the commitment of key resources of the organization; That is, people who work in or for that organization (Rahmanseresht & Jabarzadeh Karbasi, 2017). The flexibility of human resources also refers to the extent to which the organization's human resources benefit from the skills and behavioral patterns necessary to make the best decisions in a competitive environment (Vakili et al., 2019). Considering that one of the main missions of senior managers of Sistan and Baluchistan University is organizational growth and excellence, in order to achieve this important goal, the need for innovation, timely use of opportunities and, in fact, the organizational creative mind is necessary. Therefore, considering the impact that innovation has on the development of science and technology in the University of Sistan and Baluchistan and can be the basis for its transformation into an innovative university, the necessity of further and deeper examination of the factors influencing the occurrence of innovative work behaviors, including the human resources measures of the university, is important and is attention Apart from examining the direct relationship between human resource measures and innovative work behaviors, the role of human resource system in supporting organizational innovation can also be examined through the concept of human resource flexibility as a mediating factor. Therefore, the main issue of the research is whether human resources measures have a positive and significant effect on the innovative work behaviors of human resources with the mediating role of human resources flexibility. Case study A case study in this article is to investigate the effect of human resources measures on innovative work behaviors with the mediation of flexibility of human resources in the University of Sistan and Baluchestan. Materials and Methods The research method was descriptive-correlation (based on the structural equation model). The statistical population of the research was all the faculty members of the university of Sistan and Baluchestan in the academic year 2022-2023, by stratified random sampling 212 of them were selected and studied through questionnaires on human resources practices, innovative work behaviors and human resource flexibility. For data analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation model were used with the help of SmartPls software. Discussion and Results Based on the findings, there was a positive and significant relationship between human resources practices, innovative work behaviors and human resources flexibility, the direct effect of human resource management practices on human resources flexibility and innovative work behaviors, the direct effect of human resources flexibility on innovative work behaviors and the indirect effect of human resource management practices on innovative work behaviors mediated by human resource flexibility was positively and significantly. Conclusion Therefore, by adopting initiatives such as using advanced recruitment systems, in-service and merit-based training, fair service compensation, incentive and performance-based and result-oriented performance evaluation, human resource managers can provide the basis for the flexibility of human resources and the desire for innovative work behaviors. Abstract The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of human resource practices on innovative work behaviors with the mediation of human resource flexibility. The research method was descriptive-correlation (based on the structural equation model). The statistical population of the research was all the faculty members of the university of Sistan and Baluchestan in the academic year 2022-2023, by stratified random sampling 212 of them were selected and studied through questionnaires on human resources practices, innovative work behaviors and human resource flexibility. For data analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation model were used with the help of SmartPls software. Based on the findings, there was a positive and significant relationship between human resources practices, innovative work behaviors and human resources flexibility, the direct effect of human resource management practices on human resources flexibility and innovative work behaviors, the direct effect of human resources flexibility on innovative work behaviors and the indirect effect of human resource management practices on innovative work behaviors mediated by human resource flexibility was positively and significantly. Therefore, by adopting initiatives such as using advanced recruitment systems, in-service and merit-based training, fair service compensation, incentive and performance-based and result-oriented performance evaluation, human resource managers can provide the basis for the flexibility of human resources and the desire for innovative work behaviors. Introduction The transformation of Sistan and Baluchistan University into an innovative university will be the path when the senior managers of this university pay attention to the underlying factors of innovative work behaviors in human resources, which is discussed in this study on the role of human resources measures and flexibility of human resources. Human resource measures are a strategic approach to the process of attracting, training and improving, developing, managing, creating motivation and achieving the commitment of key resources of the organization; That is, people who work in or for that organization (Rahmanseresht & Jabarzadeh Karbasi, 2017). The flexibility of human resources also refers to the extent to which the organization's human resources benefit from the skills and behavioral patterns necessary to make the best decisions in a competitive environment (Vakili et al., 2019). Considering that one of the main missions of senior managers of Sistan and Baluchistan University is organizational growth and excellence, in order to achieve this important goal, the need for innovation, timely use of opportunities and, in fact, the organizational creative mind is necessary. Therefore, considering the impact that innovation has on the development of science and technology in the University of Sistan and Baluchistan and can be the basis for its transformation into an innovative university, the necessity of further and deeper examination of the factors influencing the occurrence of innovative work behaviors, including the human resources measures of the university, is important and is attention Apart from examining the direct relationship between human resource measures and innovative work behaviors, the role of human resource system in supporting organizational innovation can also be examined through the concept of human resource flexibility as a mediating factor. Therefore, the main issue of the research is whether human resources measures have a positive and significant effect on the innovative work behaviors of human resources with the mediating role of human resources flexibility. Case study A case study in this article is to investigate the effect of human resources measures on innovative work behaviors with the mediation of flexibility of human resources in the University of Sistan and Baluchestan. Materials and Methods The research method was descriptive-correlation (based on the structural equation model). The statistical population of the research was all the faculty members of the university of Sistan and Baluchestan in the academic year 2022-2023, by stratified random sampling 212 of them were selected and studied through questionnaires on human resources practices, innovative work behaviors and human resource flexibility. For data analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation model were used with the help of SmartPls software. Discussion and Results Based on the findings, there was a positive and significant relationship between human resources practices, innovative work behaviors and human resources flexibility, the direct effect of human resource management practices on human resources flexibility and innovative work behaviors, the direct effect of human resources flexibility on innovative work behaviors and the indirect effect of human resource management practices on innovative work behaviors mediated by human resource flexibility was positively and significantly. Conclusion Therefore, by adopting initiatives such as using advanced recruitment systems, in-service and merit-based training, fair service compensation, incentive and performance-based and result-oriented performance evaluation, human resource managers can provide the basis for the flexibility of human resources and the desire for innovative work behaviors.

https://jmr.usb.ac.ir/article_8749_62620acca87386514eaf8a01b6420211.pdf

University of Sistan and Baluchestan & Iranian Academy of Management Sciences Public Management Researches 2538-3418 18 68 2025 06 22 Mediating Role of Toxic Organizational Climate in the Relationship Between Toxic Leadership Style and Job Burnout with Organizational Trauma Mediating Role of Toxic Organizational Climate in the Relationship Between Toxic Leadership Style and Job Burnout with Organizational Trauma 171 204 9250 10.22111/jmr.2024.46583.6058 FA Zahra Rajaei Assistant Professor of Public Administration, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Samira Pour Assistant Professor of Organizational Behavior Management, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran. Fatemeh Javan Master of Public Administration, Payame Noor University, Birjand, Birjand, Iran. Sayyid Ali Banihashemi Assistant Professor of Industrial Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2023 09 06 Abstract The aim of this research is to examine and measure the mediating effect of the variable of toxic organizational climate in the relationship between the variables of toxic leadership style and job burnout on organizational trauma. This research is classified as descriptive-survey research in terms of the method used, and it is considered applied research in terms of its objectives. The sample size consists of 169 individuals from the employee community of the Social Security Organization in South Khorasan Province, selected through simple random sampling. To gather the necessary data for the research, a questionnaire was designed based on four standard questionnaires by Corner (2014), Vovien and Horman (2015), Hakak et al. (2015), and Maxwell (2015). The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed using factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha technique. Additionally, structural equation modeling and LISREL software were used to test the research hypotheses. The results indicated that the variables of toxic leadership style and job burnout have a significant impact on the variables of toxic organizational climate and organizational trauma in the Social Security Organization of South Khorasan Province. Furthermore, the mediating role of the toxic organizational climate variable in the relationship between toxic leadership style and job burnout with organizational trauma was confirmed. Introduction One of the topics that has gained attention in the field of organizational behavior and is considered a contributor to organizational trauma is toxic leadership (Zare & Sepahvand, 2017: 193). These leaders, suffering from managerial deficiencies and shortcomings, lose their experiential and professional competence, leading them to view their managerial positions as dependent on other connected managers. They are intolerant of accepting constructive criticism within the organizational system and suppress any critical thinking through authoritarianism and threats (Schmidt, 2008: 19). Another influential factor in organizational trauma is the phenomenon of job stagnation (Mirkamali et al., 2018: 4). Job stagnation refers to a point in an individual's career path where the likelihood of advancement in the organizational hierarchy is very low (Ahmadi & Nadi, 2019). On the other hand, research indicates that a healthy organizational climate can significantly enhance employee motivation, encourage participation in decision-making, improve morale, foster creativity and innovation, and create an entrepreneurial environment (Heydari et al., 2018: 68). Conversely, an unhealthy organizational climate can serve as a significant source of psychological pressure. When psychological pressures within an organization increase, they can threaten organizational goals, lead to resource depletion, and ultimately reduce the quality of employee performance (Zare et al., 2017: 25). Given that neglecting organizational trauma can inflict serious damage on an organization and may be detrimental, identifying the factors that contribute to organizational trauma and finding ways to mitigate it is of great importance. This is especially true as many organizations, including the Social Security Organization, are moving toward stagnation, making job stagnation an unavoidable issue. The present study seeks to answer the question of whether a toxic organizational climate can act as a mediating variable that influences the relationship between toxic leadership style and job stagnation with organizational trauma. Case study The statistical population of this research consists of the employees of the Social Security Organization of South Khorasan. Materials and Methods The research questionnaire has been designed based on Corner's (2014) theoretical model regarding job stagnation, and another questionnaire is based on Maxwell's (2015) theoretical model concerning toxic leadership. Additionally, a questionnaire based on the theoretical model of Hekak et al. (2016) has been developed regarding toxic organizational climate, and another questionnaire based on the theoretical model of Wu and Horman (2015) has been created concerning organizational trauma. This questionnaire includes 26 items with a five-point Likert scale. Furthermore, this study employs structural equation modeling and the LISREL software to examine the validity of the research hypotheses. Discussion and Results All hypotheses of the present study were confirmed, as their path coefficients were greater than 1.96 and their significance levels were less than 0.05. To test the hypotheses with mediating effects, the Sobel test was used, and the results also indicate the confirmation of these hypotheses. Conclusion According to the first hypothesis of the research, job stagnation has a significant impact on organizational trauma. In this regard, it is recommended that the managers of the Social Security Organization of South Khorasan create conditions for hierarchical promotions for their employees. Based on the second hypothesis, the toxic leadership style significantly affects organizational trauma. This means that the more leaders ignore their employees and fail to value them, the more they cause psychological harm to both the employees and the organization, leading to the emergence of organizational trauma. According to the third hypothesis, job stagnation significantly affects the toxic organizational climate. In fact, a healthy organizational climate can lead to improved performance and organizational interactions. According to the fourth hypothesis, the toxic leadership style affects the toxic organizational climate. In this context, it is suggested that the managers of the Social Security Organization of South Khorasan create job security and independence for their employees. According to the fifth hypothesis, the toxic organizational climate impacts organizational trauma. In this regard, it is recommended that the managers foster a healthy environment within the organization characterized by warmth and a focus on participative leadership rather than authoritarian and directive approaches. According to the sixth hypothesis, job stagnation significantly affects organizational trauma with the mediating role of the toxic organizational climate. Therefore, it is advised that the managers of the Social Security Organization of South Khorasan do their best to prevent employees from collectively experiencing the shocks and traumas inflicted on the organization. According to the seventh hypothesis, the toxic leadership style significantly affects organizational trauma with the mediating role of the toxic organizational climate. In this context, it is recommended that the managers of the Social Security Organization of South Khorasan work to prevent despair and hopelessness within the organization. Abstract The aim of this research is to examine and measure the mediating effect of the variable of toxic organizational climate in the relationship between the variables of toxic leadership style and job burnout on organizational trauma. This research is classified as descriptive-survey research in terms of the method used, and it is considered applied research in terms of its objectives. The sample size consists of 169 individuals from the employee community of the Social Security Organization in South Khorasan Province, selected through simple random sampling. To gather the necessary data for the research, a questionnaire was designed based on four standard questionnaires by Corner (2014), Vovien and Horman (2015), Hakak et al. (2015), and Maxwell (2015). The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed using factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha technique. Additionally, structural equation modeling and LISREL software were used to test the research hypotheses. The results indicated that the variables of toxic leadership style and job burnout have a significant impact on the variables of toxic organizational climate and organizational trauma in the Social Security Organization of South Khorasan Province. Furthermore, the mediating role of the toxic organizational climate variable in the relationship between toxic leadership style and job burnout with organizational trauma was confirmed. Introduction One of the topics that has gained attention in the field of organizational behavior and is considered a contributor to organizational trauma is toxic leadership (Zare & Sepahvand, 2017: 193). These leaders, suffering from managerial deficiencies and shortcomings, lose their experiential and professional competence, leading them to view their managerial positions as dependent on other connected managers. They are intolerant of accepting constructive criticism within the organizational system and suppress any critical thinking through authoritarianism and threats (Schmidt, 2008: 19). Another influential factor in organizational trauma is the phenomenon of job stagnation (Mirkamali et al., 2018: 4). Job stagnation refers to a point in an individual's career path where the likelihood of advancement in the organizational hierarchy is very low (Ahmadi & Nadi, 2019). On the other hand, research indicates that a healthy organizational climate can significantly enhance employee motivation, encourage participation in decision-making, improve morale, foster creativity and innovation, and create an entrepreneurial environment (Heydari et al., 2018: 68). Conversely, an unhealthy organizational climate can serve as a significant source of psychological pressure. When psychological pressures within an organization increase, they can threaten organizational goals, lead to resource depletion, and ultimately reduce the quality of employee performance (Zare et al., 2017: 25). Given that neglecting organizational trauma can inflict serious damage on an organization and may be detrimental, identifying the factors that contribute to organizational trauma and finding ways to mitigate it is of great importance. This is especially true as many organizations, including the Social Security Organization, are moving toward stagnation, making job stagnation an unavoidable issue. The present study seeks to answer the question of whether a toxic organizational climate can act as a mediating variable that influences the relationship between toxic leadership style and job stagnation with organizational trauma. Case study The statistical population of this research consists of the employees of the Social Security Organization of South Khorasan. Materials and Methods The research questionnaire has been designed based on Corner's (2014) theoretical model regarding job stagnation, and another questionnaire is based on Maxwell's (2015) theoretical model concerning toxic leadership. Additionally, a questionnaire based on the theoretical model of Hekak et al. (2016) has been developed regarding toxic organizational climate, and another questionnaire based on the theoretical model of Wu and Horman (2015) has been created concerning organizational trauma. This questionnaire includes 26 items with a five-point Likert scale. Furthermore, this study employs structural equation modeling and the LISREL software to examine the validity of the research hypotheses. Discussion and Results All hypotheses of the present study were confirmed, as their path coefficients were greater than 1.96 and their significance levels were less than 0.05. To test the hypotheses with mediating effects, the Sobel test was used, and the results also indicate the confirmation of these hypotheses. Conclusion According to the first hypothesis of the research, job stagnation has a significant impact on organizational trauma. In this regard, it is recommended that the managers of the Social Security Organization of South Khorasan create conditions for hierarchical promotions for their employees. Based on the second hypothesis, the toxic leadership style significantly affects organizational trauma. This means that the more leaders ignore their employees and fail to value them, the more they cause psychological harm to both the employees and the organization, leading to the emergence of organizational trauma. According to the third hypothesis, job stagnation significantly affects the toxic organizational climate. In fact, a healthy organizational climate can lead to improved performance and organizational interactions. According to the fourth hypothesis, the toxic leadership style affects the toxic organizational climate. In this context, it is suggested that the managers of the Social Security Organization of South Khorasan create job security and independence for their employees. According to the fifth hypothesis, the toxic organizational climate impacts organizational trauma. In this regard, it is recommended that the managers foster a healthy environment within the organization characterized by warmth and a focus on participative leadership rather than authoritarian and directive approaches. According to the sixth hypothesis, job stagnation significantly affects organizational trauma with the mediating role of the toxic organizational climate. Therefore, it is advised that the managers of the Social Security Organization of South Khorasan do their best to prevent employees from collectively experiencing the shocks and traumas inflicted on the organization. According to the seventh hypothesis, the toxic leadership style significantly affects organizational trauma with the mediating role of the toxic organizational climate. In this context, it is recommended that the managers of the Social Security Organization of South Khorasan work to prevent despair and hopelessness within the organization.

https://jmr.usb.ac.ir/article_9250_2593d9ee1aaa4a3fefbace72287be09c.pdf

University of Sistan and Baluchestan & Iranian Academy of Management Sciences Public Management Researches 2538-3418 18 68 2025 06 22 Government as a PlatformApproach Requirements Government as a PlatformApproach Requirements 205 234 8977 10.22111/jmr.2024.47308.6113 FA Khadijeh Yousefzadeh Baghbani Ph.D in Public Administration, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management and Economics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Saeed Zarandi Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. Alireza Koushkie Associate Professor, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-6175-4478 Journal Article 2023 11 29 Abstract Information technology development has revolutionized how governments interact with citizens, and in developed countries, the government uses creative methods to provide platform-based public services. The idea of government as a platform, as a relatively new concept, has received more and more attention from governments. Since adopting realistic strategies in new approach requires the awareness of the necessary infrastructure, this research aims to design a model of government as a platform approach requirements. This research is based on a qualitative method with a thematic analysis approach, and data is collected by interviewing experts and managers of executive organizations. 16 experts conducted a semi-structured interview through purposive sampling, and three criteria of acceptability, verifiability, and reliability were used to evaluate the quality of the research. Based on the results of this research, the requirements of government as a platform approach include macro architecture, executive arm, data and information, and soft aspects. Realizing management's goals with a new method requires attention to all its requirements. Introduction Despite the government's efforts to adopt technological improvements, providing government services fails to satisfy users. How to better deliver public services to citizens and how to design the appropriate services for their needs are the problems facing governments in the digital age. The idea of government as a platform has been noticed more and more by governments. In Iran, due to recent developments, measures have been taken to draft laws, executive structure, and definition of main plans and projects. Although it has appeared relatively well regarding rules and organizational frameworks, it could be better in the e-participation index. In practice, Iran needs to realize the government as a platform, and creating the necessary infrastructure requires further study and investigation in this area. Therefore, in this research, we want to identify requirements of government as a platform approach. The questions of this research are: - What are the requirements of government as a platform approach? - In the government as a platform approach, what should the government do? Materials and Methods The current research is classified as qualitative research. Interpretive research and the research approach are inductive because sub-topics are extracted from concepts, and main topics are extracted from sub-topics. In the inductive method, the coding process takes place without considering the predefined framework. The tool of this research is the interview. Interviews are a set of questions based on objectives. The interviews used in this research are semi-structured, and follow-up questions are used to clarify ambiguous answers. In this study, 16 interviews were conducted. Also, no new concept was extracted from the eleventh interview onwards. Discussion and Results After identifying the essential points of the interview, 110 concepts were obtained. After categorizing the concepts, 16 sub-themes and four main themes were obtained. Four main themes were identified government as a platform approach requirements with analysis and examination of sub-themes. Macro architecture, the executive arm, data and Information, and the soft dimension are the government as a platform's requirements. The current research was conducted to identify government as a platform approach requirements. In response to the first research question, the model of the government as a platform includes macro architecture, executive arm, data and Information, and the soft dimension. Macro-architecture is a comprehensive approach in the field of macro-planning and policy-making, and according to the results of this research, its components include macro-planning, service architecture, process architecture, structure architecture, amending the rules and regulations, expanding cooperation, and a transformative attitude. Government as a platform requires planning at the national level, a new architecture in services, processes, and structures with an interagency perspective. According to this research, providing the requirements of the government as a platform in terms of services, progress, structure, rules, and regulations all require a change of attitude towards goals and strategies, roadmap, planning, actions, people, data, and information. Furthermore, without the powerful executive arm, the government as a platform remains in the planning stage and will not be implemented. Determining the executive custodian and defining responsibilities is the first step in strengthening the executive arm. Since the concept of government as a platform is defined based on the use of information to improve services, citizens' information is a valuable asset for government, and the production of standard and open data requires an inter-organizational approach to data. The importance of soft aspects in the success of government as a platform approach has been ignored, and in the rush to keep up with the evolution of information technology, the human centrality in all these changes and transformations has been forgotten. Personality traits, knowledge, and experience of people can act as obstacles or drivers. Paying attention to individual attitudes, individual values, organizational views, acceptance or resistance to change, knowledge and expertise, teamwork spirit, and behavioral characteristics of people are necessary for the success of government as a platform approach. Conclusion In the first step, government as a platform approach requires adopting a transformational and realistic approach in macro architecture and developing a road map and operational plans with specialists and experts. In the next step, efforts should be made to strengthen the executive arm in the short term by determining the competent executive custodian, its duties, and powers in the law. In the midterm, attention should be paid to providing the necessary infrastructure and empowerment. In the third step, to remove obstacles in the exchange of data and information and to change the attitude of the leaders and managers of the organization towards data ownership, the issue of data governance should be prioritized by the government and deal with data as a national property. The most essential element affecting the government as a platform's approach success is to pay attention to the human dimension. In the path of transformation, not only should it be addressed, but special attention should be paid to it in all stages, from planning to implementation. Personal and behavioral characteristics of people, attitudes and beliefs, organizational culture, expertise, and capabilities of people are the main engines of the transformation approach, the success of which depends on its performance. Abstract Information technology development has revolutionized how governments interact with citizens, and in developed countries, the government uses creative methods to provide platform-based public services. The idea of government as a platform, as a relatively new concept, has received more and more attention from governments. Since adopting realistic strategies in new approach requires the awareness of the necessary infrastructure, this research aims to design a model of government as a platform approach requirements. This research is based on a qualitative method with a thematic analysis approach, and data is collected by interviewing experts and managers of executive organizations. 16 experts conducted a semi-structured interview through purposive sampling, and three criteria of acceptability, verifiability, and reliability were used to evaluate the quality of the research. Based on the results of this research, the requirements of government as a platform approach include macro architecture, executive arm, data and information, and soft aspects. Realizing management's goals with a new method requires attention to all its requirements. Introduction Despite the government's efforts to adopt technological improvements, providing government services fails to satisfy users. How to better deliver public services to citizens and how to design the appropriate services for their needs are the problems facing governments in the digital age. The idea of government as a platform has been noticed more and more by governments. In Iran, due to recent developments, measures have been taken to draft laws, executive structure, and definition of main plans and projects. Although it has appeared relatively well regarding rules and organizational frameworks, it could be better in the e-participation index. In practice, Iran needs to realize the government as a platform, and creating the necessary infrastructure requires further study and investigation in this area. Therefore, in this research, we want to identify requirements of government as a platform approach. The questions of this research are: - What are the requirements of government as a platform approach? - In the government as a platform approach, what should the government do? Materials and Methods The current research is classified as qualitative research. Interpretive research and the research approach are inductive because sub-topics are extracted from concepts, and main topics are extracted from sub-topics. In the inductive method, the coding process takes place without considering the predefined framework. The tool of this research is the interview. Interviews are a set of questions based on objectives. The interviews used in this research are semi-structured, and follow-up questions are used to clarify ambiguous answers. In this study, 16 interviews were conducted. Also, no new concept was extracted from the eleventh interview onwards. Discussion and Results After identifying the essential points of the interview, 110 concepts were obtained. After categorizing the concepts, 16 sub-themes and four main themes were obtained. Four main themes were identified government as a platform approach requirements with analysis and examination of sub-themes. Macro architecture, the executive arm, data and Information, and the soft dimension are the government as a platform's requirements. The current research was conducted to identify government as a platform approach requirements. In response to the first research question, the model of the government as a platform includes macro architecture, executive arm, data and Information, and the soft dimension. Macro-architecture is a comprehensive approach in the field of macro-planning and policy-making, and according to the results of this research, its components include macro-planning, service architecture, process architecture, structure architecture, amending the rules and regulations, expanding cooperation, and a transformative attitude. Government as a platform requires planning at the national level, a new architecture in services, processes, and structures with an interagency perspective. According to this research, providing the requirements of the government as a platform in terms of services, progress, structure, rules, and regulations all require a change of attitude towards goals and strategies, roadmap, planning, actions, people, data, and information. Furthermore, without the powerful executive arm, the government as a platform remains in the planning stage and will not be implemented. Determining the executive custodian and defining responsibilities is the first step in strengthening the executive arm. Since the concept of government as a platform is defined based on the use of information to improve services, citizens' information is a valuable asset for government, and the production of standard and open data requires an inter-organizational approach to data. The importance of soft aspects in the success of government as a platform approach has been ignored, and in the rush to keep up with the evolution of information technology, the human centrality in all these changes and transformations has been forgotten. Personality traits, knowledge, and experience of people can act as obstacles or drivers. Paying attention to individual attitudes, individual values, organizational views, acceptance or resistance to change, knowledge and expertise, teamwork spirit, and behavioral characteristics of people are necessary for the success of government as a platform approach. Conclusion In the first step, government as a platform approach requires adopting a transformational and realistic approach in macro architecture and developing a road map and operational plans with specialists and experts. In the next step, efforts should be made to strengthen the executive arm in the short term by determining the competent executive custodian, its duties, and powers in the law. In the midterm, attention should be paid to providing the necessary infrastructure and empowerment. In the third step, to remove obstacles in the exchange of data and information and to change the attitude of the leaders and managers of the organization towards data ownership, the issue of data governance should be prioritized by the government and deal with data as a national property. The most essential element affecting the government as a platform's approach success is to pay attention to the human dimension. In the path of transformation, not only should it be addressed, but special attention should be paid to it in all stages, from planning to implementation. Personal and behavioral characteristics of people, attitudes and beliefs, organizational culture, expertise, and capabilities of people are the main engines of the transformation approach, the success of which depends on its performance.

https://jmr.usb.ac.ir/article_8977_a7b171a84243b6c0a1a19bf438e6ba60.pdf

University of Sistan and Baluchestan & Iranian Academy of Management Sciences Public Management Researches 2538-3418 18 68 2025 06 22 Investigating the Effect of Citizens' Expectations of Government Organizations on Commitment to Social Responsibility with the Mediating Role of Professional Ethics Investigating the Effect of Citizens' Expectations of Government Organizations on Commitment to Social Responsibility with the Mediating Role of Professional Ethics 235 266 9249 10.22111/jmr.2025.45108.5979 FA Habib Ebrahimpour Professor, Department of Public Administration and Tourism, faculty of social science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili,Ardabil, Iran. Vali Nemati Professor assisstant, Department of Public Administration and Tourism, faculty of social science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Shabnam Zarjou PhD Candidate in human resource management, Department of Leadership and Human Capital, Faculty of Public Administration and Organizational Sciences, College of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Oktay Bazmi Graduated in Public Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran. Journal Article 2023 03 10 Abstract The primary objective of this research is to investigate the influence of citizens' expectations of government organizations on organizational social responsibility, with a mediating role of professional ethics. Classified as applied research based on its objectives, this study was conducted using a survey method. Grounded in a positivist paradigm, the research population consisted of students at Ardabil University. A sample size of 384 individuals was selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. Standardized questionnaires were employed for data collection, and both bootstrapping and linear regression analyses were conducted using SPSS and AMOS software. To test the research hypotheses, linear regression analysis was utilized. The results indicated that citizens' expectations of government organizations have a positive and significant impact on both organizational social responsibility and professional ethics. Furthermore, the positive and significant influence of professional ethics on organizational social responsibility was confirmed. Finally, using path analysis, the mediating role of professional ethics in the impact of citizens' expectations on organizational social responsibility was validated in the fourth hypothesis. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the relationship between the two variables of citizens' expectations of government organizations and organizational social responsibility is strengthened by the mediating variable of professional ethics. If professional ethics improve, this effect becomes stronger, and conversely, if professional ethics weaken, the relationship also weakens. Introduction Citizens' expectations drive organizations towards a commitment to social responsibility. However, other factors can also influence this relationship. Professional ethics can be considered a key element in this regard, as challenges and issues related to professional ethics in all organizational and managerial sectors can lead to problems such as irresponsibility, decreased productivity and quality, uncertainty, feelings of inadequacy, anger, failure, fatigue, dissatisfaction, and burnout (Imam Doost et al, 2020). Given the role of government organizations in providing quality services to citizens and fulfilling their expectations by focusing on social responsibility and considering professional ethics, this research seeks to answer the following question: How do citizens' expectations of government organizations, with an emphasis on professional ethics, affect organizations' commitment to implementing social responsibility? Case study University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Materials and Methods The primary objective of this research is to examine the role of citizens' expectations of government organizations on organizational social responsibility, with a mediating role of professional ethics. Based on its objectives, this research is classified as applied research and is descriptive in nature, using a survey method. The population of this study includes all 12,000 students at Ardabil Mohaqheqh University who use government services. A sample size of 384 individuals was selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling technique based on Morgan's table. A standardized questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. Content and face validity were used to assess the validity of the research, while Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. Results of the Cronbach's alpha test on a sample of 45 students from Ardabil Mohaqheqh University showed that the reliability coefficients for the questionnaires on citizens' expectations of government organizations, commitment to social responsibility, and professional ethics were 0.789, 0.812, and 0.809, respectively, indicating reliable questionnaires for the research. Discussion and Results To test the research hypotheses, linear regression analysis was employed. The results indicated that citizens' expectations of government organizations have a positive and significant impact on both commitment to social responsibility and professional ethics. Furthermore, the positive and significant impact of professional ethics on commitment to social responsibility was also confirmed. Finally, using path analysis, the mediating role of professional ethics in the influence of citizens' expectations of government organizations on commitment to social responsibility was supported in the fourth hypothesis. Based on the research findings, it can be inferred that the relationship between the two variables of citizens' expectations of government organizations and commitment to social responsibility is strengthened by the variable of professional ethics. If professional ethics improve, this effect will be stronger, and if professional ethics weaken, this relationship will also weaken. Conclusion The results demonstrate that citizens' expectations of government organizations have a significant impact on commitment to social responsibility, mediated by professional ethics. Therefore, it can be argued that professional ethics plays a mediating role in the influence of citizens' expectations on government organizations and their commitment to social responsibility. To explain the research findings regarding the mediating role of professional ethics in strengthening the relationship between citizens' expectations of government organizations and commitment to social responsibility, the concept of citizens' expectations can be defined as a state where employees' opinions, suggestions, and criticisms are considered by managers and colleagues, ultimately leading to more effective decisions and improved processes. Based on this definition of citizens' expectations, the concepts of skills, relationships, and teamwork become significant for the manifestation of citizens' expectations. Thus, the concept of skills and motivating individuals can cover the encouragement dimension of citizens' expectations. The concept of interpersonal relationships can be related to the safety dimension of citizens' expectations, and the concept of teamwork can represent the efficiency dimension of citizens' expectations. Abstract The primary objective of this research is to investigate the influence of citizens' expectations of government organizations on organizational social responsibility, with a mediating role of professional ethics. Classified as applied research based on its objectives, this study was conducted using a survey method. Grounded in a positivist paradigm, the research population consisted of students at Ardabil University. A sample size of 384 individuals was selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. Standardized questionnaires were employed for data collection, and both bootstrapping and linear regression analyses were conducted using SPSS and AMOS software. To test the research hypotheses, linear regression analysis was utilized. The results indicated that citizens' expectations of government organizations have a positive and significant impact on both organizational social responsibility and professional ethics. Furthermore, the positive and significant influence of professional ethics on organizational social responsibility was confirmed. Finally, using path analysis, the mediating role of professional ethics in the impact of citizens' expectations on organizational social responsibility was validated in the fourth hypothesis. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the relationship between the two variables of citizens' expectations of government organizations and organizational social responsibility is strengthened by the mediating variable of professional ethics. If professional ethics improve, this effect becomes stronger, and conversely, if professional ethics weaken, the relationship also weakens. Introduction Citizens' expectations drive organizations towards a commitment to social responsibility. However, other factors can also influence this relationship. Professional ethics can be considered a key element in this regard, as challenges and issues related to professional ethics in all organizational and managerial sectors can lead to problems such as irresponsibility, decreased productivity and quality, uncertainty, feelings of inadequacy, anger, failure, fatigue, dissatisfaction, and burnout (Imam Doost et al, 2020). Given the role of government organizations in providing quality services to citizens and fulfilling their expectations by focusing on social responsibility and considering professional ethics, this research seeks to answer the following question: How do citizens' expectations of government organizations, with an emphasis on professional ethics, affect organizations' commitment to implementing social responsibility? Case study University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Materials and Methods The primary objective of this research is to examine the role of citizens' expectations of government organizations on organizational social responsibility, with a mediating role of professional ethics. Based on its objectives, this research is classified as applied research and is descriptive in nature, using a survey method. The population of this study includes all 12,000 students at Ardabil Mohaqheqh University who use government services. A sample size of 384 individuals was selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling technique based on Morgan's table. A standardized questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. Content and face validity were used to assess the validity of the research, while Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. Results of the Cronbach's alpha test on a sample of 45 students from Ardabil Mohaqheqh University showed that the reliability coefficients for the questionnaires on citizens' expectations of government organizations, commitment to social responsibility, and professional ethics were 0.789, 0.812, and 0.809, respectively, indicating reliable questionnaires for the research. Discussion and Results To test the research hypotheses, linear regression analysis was employed. The results indicated that citizens' expectations of government organizations have a positive and significant impact on both commitment to social responsibility and professional ethics. Furthermore, the positive and significant impact of professional ethics on commitment to social responsibility was also confirmed. Finally, using path analysis, the mediating role of professional ethics in the influence of citizens' expectations of government organizations on commitment to social responsibility was supported in the fourth hypothesis. Based on the research findings, it can be inferred that the relationship between the two variables of citizens' expectations of government organizations and commitment to social responsibility is strengthened by the variable of professional ethics. If professional ethics improve, this effect will be stronger, and if professional ethics weaken, this relationship will also weaken. Conclusion The results demonstrate that citizens' expectations of government organizations have a significant impact on commitment to social responsibility, mediated by professional ethics. Therefore, it can be argued that professional ethics plays a mediating role in the influence of citizens' expectations on government organizations and their commitment to social responsibility. To explain the research findings regarding the mediating role of professional ethics in strengthening the relationship between citizens' expectations of government organizations and commitment to social responsibility, the concept of citizens' expectations can be defined as a state where employees' opinions, suggestions, and criticisms are considered by managers and colleagues, ultimately leading to more effective decisions and improved processes. Based on this definition of citizens' expectations, the concepts of skills, relationships, and teamwork become significant for the manifestation of citizens' expectations. Thus, the concept of skills and motivating individuals can cover the encouragement dimension of citizens' expectations. The concept of interpersonal relationships can be related to the safety dimension of citizens' expectations, and the concept of teamwork can represent the efficiency dimension of citizens' expectations.

https://jmr.usb.ac.ir/article_9249_171e2eb9715d5ef9394eb2fdc04f0fc2.pdf

University of Sistan and Baluchestan & Iranian Academy of Management Sciences Public Management Researches 2538-3418 18 68 2025 06 22 Presenting the Human Resource Skill Model in the Development of the Plastic Industry Cluster (Plastic Industry Case Study) Presenting the Human Resource Skill Model in the Development of the Plastic Industry Cluster (Plastic Industry Case Study) 267 292 9135 10.22111/jmr.2023.43699.5872 FA Seyed Mahdi Moniri Ph.D. student, Faculty of Management and Economics, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Mohamad Ali Abdalvand Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management and Economics, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Kambiz Heidarzadeh Associate Professor, Faculty of Management and Economics, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2022 10 14 Abstract The purpose of this research was to provide a skill model of human resources for the development of the plastic industrial cluster using a qualitative approach. The participants of the research were managers, professors, and business owners of plastic units in the country, and the sample size was 12 people after theoretical saturation and was selected purposefully. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews and data analysis using the thematic method. The results showed that the skill indicators of manpower for the development of Iran's plastic industrial cluster include "knowledge skills", "communication skills", "impact skills", "planning skills" and "time management skills". Considering the contribution of the country's plastic industry cluster in creating jobs and developing small businesses, paying attention to the skills of human resources during the recruitment and employment of human resources as well as in the work process can lead to the development and improvement of plastic industry businesses. Introduction Today, the competitiveness of the global market is considered a challenge for the business of clusters. Successful clusters increase the efficiency of companies and the economic development of many countries (Chen, Wu, Huang & Chang, 2022). Therefore, industrialization increases productivity and employment, reduces economic risks, raises the level of society's well-being, and helps to diversify exports (Elfaki, Handoyo & Ibrahim, 2021). Therefore, clusters are considered engines of growth and development, because by strengthening new industries, new growth in the economy of the society is created (Chen, Wang, Miao, Ji & Pan, 2020), and through the synergy of acquisition And small and medium-sized works in the form of industrial clusters provide a suitable basis for economic development (Sharifzadeh, Abdullahzadeh, Jiwar & Devsalar, 2018). However, many clusters are facing problems related to human resources and their skills, in addition to the problems related to the procurement of raw materials, entering international markets, etc. According to the experts in the qualitative sector, the lack of skilled and efficient manpower in the clusters of the plastic industry has caused this cluster to be unable to compete with foreign competitors, and this problem is more evident for new and non-professional investors and in attracting and employing manpower. Humans act unprofessionally due to the lack of a suitable model and it is necessary to formulate a suitable model for the beneficiaries, investors, and company managers in this field. For this reason, the main problem of this research is the absence of a model for business owners related to the plastic industry cluster, so that by conducting this research, they can solve the needs of their field of activity in the field of employing skilled manpower and developing their manpower. Case study To investigate this research and reach the skill model of human resources, the participation of 12 managers, marketing management professors, and plastic industry owners in the country was used, and theoretical saturation was used to determine the number of samples. Materials and Methods The present research was conducted using a qualitative method and through semi-structured interviews. To achieve the accuracy and validity of the study, the analysis of the interviews was reviewed several times in different periods to achieve maximum confidence and trust, and finally, the findings were confirmed with minor changes, and to analyze the data from Thematic analysis was done through MAXQDA software. Discussion and Results The research results led to the identification of 5 main categories and 14 sub-categories in the plastic industrial cluster. 1) Knowledge skill: this factor or theme includes 4 sub-themes "software knowledge, hardware knowledge, research and development, and marketing knowledge". 2) Time management skills: this main theme includes sub-themes "Determining the time of entry and exit of employees, determining a specific time to do each task, considering the time to do the task, writing and separating tasks, prioritizing tasks, categorizing works". 3) Communication skills: this main theme includes 5 sub-themes "effective expression, effective interaction, effective feedback, networking, and listening and speaking communication". 4) Influence skill: this main theme includes 3 sub-themes "influence, ability to create change, creativity, and innovation". 5) Planning skill: This main theme includes the basic themes of "setting goals, assessing the current situation, being forward-looking, setting a plan, mastering operational plans, and carrying out activities by the plan". Conclusion The results led to the identification of five manpower skills for Iran's plastic industry cluster. It can be said that having "skills, knowledge, technology and expertise" is the foundation of the implementation of an industrial unit as well as the foundation of its development. On the other hand, having "time management skills" creates order and discipline at all organizational levels and prevents the organization from being unplanned and aimless. Also, for managers and employees to be able to continue their activities efficiently and with sufficient motivation and to be able to keep their customers satisfied, "communication skills" are needed. Another indicator that was identified in the field of manpower skills in the plastic industry cluster is "impact skill". Effectiveness requires strong leadership in the organization. "Planning skill" is one of the other skills identified for the human resources of the plastic industry cluster. Therefore, planning skill creates a vision and formulation of short-term, medium-term, and long-term goals for the organization, and the existence of such a skill can accelerate the steps to reach the set goals. Abstract The purpose of this research was to provide a skill model of human resources for the development of the plastic industrial cluster using a qualitative approach. The participants of the research were managers, professors, and business owners of plastic units in the country, and the sample size was 12 people after theoretical saturation and was selected purposefully. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews and data analysis using the thematic method. The results showed that the skill indicators of manpower for the development of Iran's plastic industrial cluster include "knowledge skills", "communication skills", "impact skills", "planning skills" and "time management skills". Considering the contribution of the country's plastic industry cluster in creating jobs and developing small businesses, paying attention to the skills of human resources during the recruitment and employment of human resources as well as in the work process can lead to the development and improvement of plastic industry businesses. Introduction Today, the competitiveness of the global market is considered a challenge for the business of clusters. Successful clusters increase the efficiency of companies and the economic development of many countries (Chen, Wu, Huang & Chang, 2022). Therefore, industrialization increases productivity and employment, reduces economic risks, raises the level of society's well-being, and helps to diversify exports (Elfaki, Handoyo & Ibrahim, 2021). Therefore, clusters are considered engines of growth and development, because by strengthening new industries, new growth in the economy of the society is created (Chen, Wang, Miao, Ji & Pan, 2020), and through the synergy of acquisition And small and medium-sized works in the form of industrial clusters provide a suitable basis for economic development (Sharifzadeh, Abdullahzadeh, Jiwar & Devsalar, 2018). However, many clusters are facing problems related to human resources and their skills, in addition to the problems related to the procurement of raw materials, entering international markets, etc. According to the experts in the qualitative sector, the lack of skilled and efficient manpower in the clusters of the plastic industry has caused this cluster to be unable to compete with foreign competitors, and this problem is more evident for new and non-professional investors and in attracting and employing manpower. Humans act unprofessionally due to the lack of a suitable model and it is necessary to formulate a suitable model for the beneficiaries, investors, and company managers in this field. For this reason, the main problem of this research is the absence of a model for business owners related to the plastic industry cluster, so that by conducting this research, they can solve the needs of their field of activity in the field of employing skilled manpower and developing their manpower. Case study To investigate this research and reach the skill model of human resources, the participation of 12 managers, marketing management professors, and plastic industry owners in the country was used, and theoretical saturation was used to determine the number of samples. Materials and Methods The present research was conducted using a qualitative method and through semi-structured interviews. To achieve the accuracy and validity of the study, the analysis of the interviews was reviewed several times in different periods to achieve maximum confidence and trust, and finally, the findings were confirmed with minor changes, and to analyze the data from Thematic analysis was done through MAXQDA software. Discussion and Results The research results led to the identification of 5 main categories and 14 sub-categories in the plastic industrial cluster. 1) Knowledge skill: this factor or theme includes 4 sub-themes "software knowledge, hardware knowledge, research and development, and marketing knowledge". 2) Time management skills: this main theme includes sub-themes "Determining the time of entry and exit of employees, determining a specific time to do each task, considering the time to do the task, writing and separating tasks, prioritizing tasks, categorizing works". 3) Communication skills: this main theme includes 5 sub-themes "effective expression, effective interaction, effective feedback, networking, and listening and speaking communication". 4) Influence skill: this main theme includes 3 sub-themes "influence, ability to create change, creativity, and innovation". 5) Planning skill: This main theme includes the basic themes of "setting goals, assessing the current situation, being forward-looking, setting a plan, mastering operational plans, and carrying out activities by the plan". Conclusion The results led to the identification of five manpower skills for Iran's plastic industry cluster. It can be said that having "skills, knowledge, technology and expertise" is the foundation of the implementation of an industrial unit as well as the foundation of its development. On the other hand, having "time management skills" creates order and discipline at all organizational levels and prevents the organization from being unplanned and aimless. Also, for managers and employees to be able to continue their activities efficiently and with sufficient motivation and to be able to keep their customers satisfied, "communication skills" are needed. Another indicator that was identified in the field of manpower skills in the plastic industry cluster is "impact skill". Effectiveness requires strong leadership in the organization. "Planning skill" is one of the other skills identified for the human resources of the plastic industry cluster. Therefore, planning skill creates a vision and formulation of short-term, medium-term, and long-term goals for the organization, and the existence of such a skill can accelerate the steps to reach the set goals.

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