University of Sistan and Baluchestan & Iranian Academy of Management Sciences Public Management Researches 2538-3418 14 52 2021 08 23 Structural Equation Modeling of the Effect of Intelligence on Entrepreneurship Profile: Emphasizing Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory (Case study: Students of Art Faculty in University of Sistan and Baluchestan) Structural Equation Modeling of the Effect of Intelligence on Entrepreneurship Profile: Emphasizing Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory (Case study: Students of Art Faculty in University of Sistan and Baluchestan) 227 252 6431 10.22111/jmr.2019.30181.4604 FA Milad Gouran Department of Management and Accounting , Velayat University, Iranshahr,Iran Fataneh Baharvand Department of Management and Accounting, Velayat Univesity, Iranshahr, Iran Journal Article 2019 05 25 Extended abstract Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of intelligence on entrepreneurship profile emphasizing on Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory. The statistical population consisted of all 300 students in Art Faculty of Sistan and Baluchestan University and 169 students were selected as research sample by systematic method using Morgan table. This is an applied research. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences and entrepreneurial characteristics questionnaires were used to collect data. Cronbach's alpha test was applied to determine the reliability of the questionnaires. The reliability of both questionnaires was greatly confirmed by the coefficients of 0.956 and 0.958 for multiple intelligence and entrepreneurship profile questionnaires, respectively. In order to confirm the research model, Structural Equation Modeling was used; research data were analyzed using AMOS 20 and SPSS 20. The results showed that intelligence had positive effect on entrepreneurship profile. Also, all types of Gardner’s intelligences had positive effect on entrepreneurship profiles of research sample. Introduction Today's world is changing rapidly and keeping pace with these changes requires employing creative and entrepreneurial individuals (Alizadeh Aghdam et al., 2016). Various studies have shown that many factors, most of them are in psychological issues, affect the improvement of people's orientation to entrepreneurship. Recent evidences suggest that individuals' intelligence and characteristics play an important role in their entrepreneurial origins (Hermann et al., 2007 quoted by Baharvand & Gouran, 2018). The concept of intelligence has evolved and has transformed from a single into a multi-dimensional concept (Nadi Najaf Abadi et al., 2014). Intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, understand, and using symbols which is an abstract ability (Beheshti zadeh et al., 2016). Since "opportunity" is stated as a key element and concept in entrepreneurship, the ability to perceive, understand, and use it correctly (referring to the definition of intelligence) can be effective in the quality of entrepreneurial activities and behaviors. An entrepreneur is the center and core of the business and his characteristics drive the business to success (Lee, 2019). The underlying beliefs about entrepreneurial characteristics state that under equal conditions, those with these traits are more likely to become entrepreneurs than others (Mosleh Shirazi & Sane'i, 2007). Changing needs and conditions of society have transformed universities' mission from teaching to research and then entrepreneurship (Jahangiri et al., 2015); in most countries, addressing entrepreneurship and training students who have the skills and abilities needed to start a business is one of the main tasks of any university (Gilani nia & Mosavian, 2011). Therefore, it seems necessary for the higher education system to adequately study and nurture the psychological characteristics associated with entrepreneurship as well as to plan and invest in this field. The purpose of this study is investigating the effect of intelligence on entrepreneurial personality traits (entrepreneurship profile) among Art Faculty students in University of Sistan and Baluchestan. Case study The statistical population of the study consisted of 300 students of Art Faculty in University of Sistan and Baluchestan. 169 students were selected as research sample by systematic sampling method using Morgan table. Research Methods Data collection tools included two standard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence and Entrepreneurship Profile questionnaires. In Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence questionnaire, eight types of intelligences including linguistic-verbal, logical-mathematical, spatial-visual, kinetic-physical, musical, interpersonal (social), intrapersonal, and naturalist were measured by 80 questions. Four personality traits of entrepreneurs including internal locus of control, dreaming, challenge-taking, and pragmatism were measured in the Entrepreneurship Profile questionnaire in the form of 38 questions. The mean value was calculated to determine the intelligence and entrepreneurship profile of individuals. The main hypothesis and research model were examined and tested based on Structural Equation Model using AMOS 20 software and Regression model was used for examining subsidiary hypothesis by AMOS 20 and SPSS 20 software. Discussion and Results By calculating the mean value which was more than 3, research findings showed that the intelligence and entrepreneurship profile in the statistical population were in a good condition. Applying structural equation modeling as well as the values obtained from the indices showed goodness of fit of the model and a positive significant relationship between multiple intelligence and entrepreneurial profile. This confirmed the main hypothesis of the study. Also, the calculated regression coefficients for all types of intelligence and entrepreneurial profile confirmed positive effect of all types of multiple intelligences on entrepreneurial profile. Therefore, the subsidiary hypothesis of the research was also confirmed. Conclusion Based on the results, it can be concluded that entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial personality traits in individuals can be increased by reinforcing different types of multiple intelligences in the statistical population of this study and other similar societies such as educational spaces, especially universities. Considering the importance and positive impacts of entrepreneurship on different social, cultural, and economic aspects of societies stated in research literature of the present study, referring to researchers and experts in different fields of science will be effective in reinforcing this concept. This reflects the interdisciplinary nature of the concept of entrepreneurship. The results of this study suggest that one way to expand entrepreneurship and enhance entrepreneurship personality traits, i.e. entrepreneurship profile, in individuals is to pay attention to the intelligence of individuals (relying on Gardner's multiple intelligence theory) and to reinforce it. This will not be possible unless to utilize specialists in this field. The results of this study highlight the necessity of coherence between different fields of education as well as the collaboration of lecturers and researchers in different fields of science. Extended abstract Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of intelligence on entrepreneurship profile emphasizing on Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory. The statistical population consisted of all 300 students in Art Faculty of Sistan and Baluchestan University and 169 students were selected as research sample by systematic method using Morgan table. This is an applied research. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences and entrepreneurial characteristics questionnaires were used to collect data. Cronbach's alpha test was applied to determine the reliability of the questionnaires. The reliability of both questionnaires was greatly confirmed by the coefficients of 0.956 and 0.958 for multiple intelligence and entrepreneurship profile questionnaires, respectively. In order to confirm the research model, Structural Equation Modeling was used; research data were analyzed using AMOS 20 and SPSS 20. The results showed that intelligence had positive effect on entrepreneurship profile. Also, all types of Gardner’s intelligences had positive effect on entrepreneurship profiles of research sample. Introduction Today's world is changing rapidly and keeping pace with these changes requires employing creative and entrepreneurial individuals (Alizadeh Aghdam et al., 2016). Various studies have shown that many factors, most of them are in psychological issues, affect the improvement of people's orientation to entrepreneurship. Recent evidences suggest that individuals' intelligence and characteristics play an important role in their entrepreneurial origins (Hermann et al., 2007 quoted by Baharvand & Gouran, 2018). The concept of intelligence has evolved and has transformed from a single into a multi-dimensional concept (Nadi Najaf Abadi et al., 2014). Intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, understand, and using symbols which is an abstract ability (Beheshti zadeh et al., 2016). Since "opportunity" is stated as a key element and concept in entrepreneurship, the ability to perceive, understand, and use it correctly (referring to the definition of intelligence) can be effective in the quality of entrepreneurial activities and behaviors. An entrepreneur is the center and core of the business and his characteristics drive the business to success (Lee, 2019). The underlying beliefs about entrepreneurial characteristics state that under equal conditions, those with these traits are more likely to become entrepreneurs than others (Mosleh Shirazi & Sane'i, 2007). Changing needs and conditions of society have transformed universities' mission from teaching to research and then entrepreneurship (Jahangiri et al., 2015); in most countries, addressing entrepreneurship and training students who have the skills and abilities needed to start a business is one of the main tasks of any university (Gilani nia & Mosavian, 2011). Therefore, it seems necessary for the higher education system to adequately study and nurture the psychological characteristics associated with entrepreneurship as well as to plan and invest in this field. The purpose of this study is investigating the effect of intelligence on entrepreneurial personality traits (entrepreneurship profile) among Art Faculty students in University of Sistan and Baluchestan. Case study The statistical population of the study consisted of 300 students of Art Faculty in University of Sistan and Baluchestan. 169 students were selected as research sample by systematic sampling method using Morgan table. Research Methods Data collection tools included two standard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence and Entrepreneurship Profile questionnaires. In Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence questionnaire, eight types of intelligences including linguistic-verbal, logical-mathematical, spatial-visual, kinetic-physical, musical, interpersonal (social), intrapersonal, and naturalist were measured by 80 questions. Four personality traits of entrepreneurs including internal locus of control, dreaming, challenge-taking, and pragmatism were measured in the Entrepreneurship Profile questionnaire in the form of 38 questions. The mean value was calculated to determine the intelligence and entrepreneurship profile of individuals. The main hypothesis and research model were examined and tested based on Structural Equation Model using AMOS 20 software and Regression model was used for examining subsidiary hypothesis by AMOS 20 and SPSS 20 software. Discussion and Results By calculating the mean value which was more than 3, research findings showed that the intelligence and entrepreneurship profile in the statistical population were in a good condition. Applying structural equation modeling as well as the values obtained from the indices showed goodness of fit of the model and a positive significant relationship between multiple intelligence and entrepreneurial profile. This confirmed the main hypothesis of the study. Also, the calculated regression coefficients for all types of intelligence and entrepreneurial profile confirmed positive effect of all types of multiple intelligences on entrepreneurial profile. Therefore, the subsidiary hypothesis of the research was also confirmed. Conclusion Based on the results, it can be concluded that entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial personality traits in individuals can be increased by reinforcing different types of multiple intelligences in the statistical population of this study and other similar societies such as educational spaces, especially universities. Considering the importance and positive impacts of entrepreneurship on different social, cultural, and economic aspects of societies stated in research literature of the present study, referring to researchers and experts in different fields of science will be effective in reinforcing this concept. This reflects the interdisciplinary nature of the concept of entrepreneurship. The results of this study suggest that one way to expand entrepreneurship and enhance entrepreneurship personality traits, i.e. entrepreneurship profile, in individuals is to pay attention to the intelligence of individuals (relying on Gardner's multiple intelligence theory) and to reinforce it. This will not be possible unless to utilize specialists in this field. The results of this study highlight the necessity of coherence between different fields of education as well as the collaboration of lecturers and researchers in different fields of science.

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